New Lands: Soils of Sand, Silt, and Scrap
Keywords:
Reclaimed lands, Land reclamation worldwide, Land of sandSynopsis
Coastal land reclamation is the process of turning water into land. Historically, humans reclaimed land to expand ports, defend territories, and convert unhealthy wetlands for agricultural or urban development. Yet, what once was an act of survival or growth has become a planetary phenomenon—a human-driven geological process that reshapes the edges of continents. Today, amid a climate crisis and rising seas, we continue to expand into the ocean, transforming water into land as if fighting the tide of our own making.
This book begins with that paradox: the desire to create land while the planet itself is losing it. Through micro-stories, field observations, and personal encounters, it explores how places and people are changed by reclamation. It examines the materials that construct these new territories—sand, silt, scrap—and the systems that move them across borders. It questions what types of worlds we are creating on this unstable ground, and what it means, in the twenty-first century, to stand on land that did not exist before.
Downloads
References
A&E Television Networks and History.com (2015) Panama Canal: History, Definition and Canal Zone [Internet], New York, History.com. Available from: [Accessed 06 April 2023].
Abdulhafedh, A. (2014) 'The Panama Canal: A Man-made Engineering Marvel.' International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research, 5 (1), pp. 318-342.
ACP (2006) Proposal for the Expansion of the Panama Canal Third Set of Locks Project [Internet], Balboa, Panama, Autoridad del Canal de Panama. Available from: [Accessed 01 April 2023].
ACP (2021) Canal de Panamá [Internet], Balboa, Panama, Autoridad del Canal de Panama. Available from: [Accessed 20 March 2023].
Adama, O. (2020) 'Slum Upgrading in the Era of World Class City Construction: The Case of Lagos, Nigeria.' International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development [Internet], 12, pp. 219-235. https://doi.org/10.1080/19463138.2020.1719499
Adebayo, B. (2017) Shifting Sands: Lagos Communities Count the Cost of Dredging [Internet], Washington, Pulitzer Center. Available from: [Accessed 5 April 2023].
Adeshokan, C. (2020) How Makoko, Nigeria's Floating Slum Went Digital [Internet], Atlanta, US, CNN. Available from: [Accessed 15 October 2024].
AEA Technology, GlobalWorks, CalRecovery and ENR Consultants (2003) Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Project [Internet], Philippines, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Asian Development Bank. Available from: [Accessed 8 April 2022].
AFCD (2021) Fishing Operations and Production Survey 2021 [Internet], Hong Kong, Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department of Hong Kong. Available from: [Accessed 6 April 2023].
Agbola, T. and Agunbiade, E.M. (2009) 'Urbanization, Slum Development and Security of Tenure: The Challenges of Meeting Millennium Development Goal 7 in Metropolitan Lagos, Nigeria.' In: de Sherbiniin, A., Rahman, A., Barbieri, A., Fotso, J.C. and Zhu, Y. eds. Urban Population-Environment Dynamics in the Developing World: Case Studies and Lessons Learned. Paris, Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography (CICRED), pp. 77-106.
Ai, L.I., Chao-Kui, H.U., Zhao-Hui, W., Gui-Ying, L.I.U. and Zheng-Xian, Y. (2021) 'Research on Marine Resources and Environment Carrying Capacity in the Coastal Waters of Changxing Island in Dalian.' Chinese Journal of Marine Environmental Science, 40 (3), pp. 333-340. Available from: [Accessed 8 October 2024].
Ajibade, I. and McBean, G. (2014) 'Climate Extremes and Housing Rights: A Political Ecology of Impacts, Early Warning and Adaptation Constraints in Lagos Slum Communities.' Geoforum, 55, pp.76-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2014.05.005
Aledo Tur, A. (2006) 'Inequality and Megaprojects: The Panama Canal Expansion.' Portularia, 6 (2), pp. 59-87. Available from: [Accessed 01 April 2023].
Ali, N. (2020) Kuttanad Kayalnilam Agrosystem [Internet], Delft, Circular Water Stories. Available from: [Accessed 25 September 2024].
American Society of Landscape Architects (2022) Baseco: A New Housing Paradigm | 2018 ASLA Student Awards [Internet], Washington, ASLA. Available from: [Accessed 23 February 2022].
Amnesty International (2006) Nigeria: Making the Destitute Homeless - Forced Evictions in Makoko, Lagos State [Internet], London, Amnesty International. Available from: < https://www.amnesty.org/es/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/afr440012006en.pdf > [Accessed 8 March 2025].
Amnesty International Nigeria (2018) Nigeria: Left with Nowhere to Go: Stories of Survivors of Forced Evictions in Nigeria's Mega City [Internet], London, Amnesty International. Available from: [Accessed 15 October 2024].
Anderson, W.C. (2002) 'A History of Environmental Engineering in the United States.' Environmental and Water Resources History Sessions at ASCE Civil Engineering Conference and Exposition 2002. Washington, D.C., United States, 3 November. American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1061/40650(2003)1
Anonymous (2009) STX Dalian Group Development Record [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed 8 October 2024].
Anonymous (2020, August 15) Dalian Changxing Island Economic and Technological Development Zone, The Pride of China, Is a Place of Historical and Cultural Interest [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed 8 October 2024].
Appleton, A. (2015) Panama Canal: Superhighway for Invasive Species? [Internet], Washington DC, United States, National Geographic. Available from: [Accessed 04 April 2023].
Asian Development Bank (2009). Poverty in the Philippines Causes, Constraints, and Opportunities. Mandaluyong City, Philippines, Asian Development Bank.
Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC) (2005) Disaster Information [Internet], Kobe, Japan, ADRC. Available from: [Accessed: 30 March 2023].
Autoridad del Canal de Panamá (2021a) Early Plans [Internet], Balboa, Panama, Canal De Panamá. Available from: [Accessed 06 April 2023].
Autoridad del Canal de Panamá (2021b) The French Canal Construction [Internet], Balboa, Panama, Canal De Panamá. Available from: [Accessed 06 April 2023].
Autoridad del Canal de Panamá (2021c) Discover the Expanded Canal [Internet], Balboa, Panama, Canal De Panamá. Available from: [Accessed 06 April 2023].
Autoridad del Canal de Panamá. (2021d) Panama Canal Begins Transition to Become Carbon Neutral by 2030 [Internet], Balboa, Panama, Canal De Panamá. Available from: [Accessed 06 April 2023].
Auvinet G., Méndez E. and Juárez, M. (2015) Sistema de Monitoreo de la Piezometría y de los Hundimientos del Valle de México por extracción de Agua Subterránea (SIMOH). Informe final de Proyecto del Instituto de Ingeniería. Ciudad de México, UNAM, CONAGUA.
Avas (2022) Gov't to Issue 5,000 Land Plots to Malé' City Residents [Internet], Male, Avas. Available from: [Accessed 25 September 2024].
Aydin, R. and Sirin, S. (2020) 'A Survey on Drinking Water Preferences and Point of Use Water Treatment Systems in Adana, Turkey.' Desalination and Water Treatment, 175 (1), pp. 329-333. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2020.25014
Badmos, O.S., Rienow, A., Callo-Concha, D., Greve, K. and Jürgens, C. (2019) 'Simulating Slum Growth in Lagos: An integration of Rule Based and Empirical Based Model.' Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 77 (1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2019.101369
Bank, A.D. (2015) Maldives: Overcoming the Challenges of a Small Island State. Manila, Philippines, Asian Development Bank.
Barrows, D. (1914) A decade of American government in the Philippines, 1903-1913. New York, World Book Co. https://doi.org/10.2307/29738091
Barry, N.F. (2013) The Use of Waste as Fill Material in the Land Reclamation Projects of Jakarta. Master's Thesis. Eindhoven University of Technology. Available from: [Accessed 2 October 2024].
BBC (2020) Nigeria Housing: 'I live in a floating slum' in Lagos [Internet], London, BBC News. Available from: [Accessed 15 October 2024].
BBC News (2022) Kerala Floods: At least 26 Killed as Rescuers Step Up Efforts [Internet], London, BBC. Available from: [Accessed 23 March 2022].
BBC News Brasil (2020) Por Que o Canal Do Panamá Está Ficando Sem Agua [Internet], Brazil, BBC Brasil. Available from: [Accessed 01 April 2023].
Beiser, V. (2018) The World in a Grain: The Story of Sand and How it Transformed Civilization. New York, Riverhead Books.
Benosa, J.L. (2017) CRS Pioneers Community Clean-up through Collaborative Solid Waste Management and Door-to-door Waste Collection in Baseco [Internet], Philippines, CRS comms. Available from: [Accessed 7 April 2022].
Bernstein, R. (2009) The East, the West, and Sex: A History of Erotic Encounters. New York, Alfred A. Knopf.
Bestemmingsplan Marker Wadden (2013) Bestemmingsplan Marker Wadden [Internet], Arnhem, the Netherlands, Planviewer. Available from: [Accessed 20 March 2022].
BLOC (2022) Marker Wadden [Internet], Rotterdam, the Netherlands BLOC. Available from: [Accessed 7 April 2022].
Boardman, H.C. (1910) History of the Panama Route. Bachelor's Thesis. University of Illinois. Available from: [Accessed 01 April 2023].
Boer, A. (2022) Miljoenenproject Marker Wadden zakt weg in blubber: 'Als je slib op slib gooit, blijft het zakken' [Internet], Zwolle, the Netherlands, De Stentor. Available from: [Accessed 29 March 2022].
Bowlsby, S.F. (2019) The Makoko Sustainable Regeneration Plan - Participedia [Internet], Vancouver, Canada, Participedia. Available from: [Accessed 15 October 2024].
Bradley, B. and Schwischer, D., (2014) The French Plan [Internet], Missouri, Linda Hall Library. Available from: [Accessed 01 April 2023].
Brago, P. (2003) DENR Urges Manila to Put up Materials Recovery Facility at Pier 18 [Internet], Taguig, Philippines, Phil Star Global. Available from: [Accessed 8 April 2022].
Branagan, M. (2020) The Bull Wall: The History of a Dublin Landmark [Internet], Dublin, The Irish Times. Available from: [Accessed 28 March 2022].
Brenner, N. and Schmid, C. (2012) 'Planetary Urbanization.' In: Gandy, M. ed. Urban Constellations, Berlin, Jovis, pp. 10-13.
Brenner, N. and Schmid, C. (2015) 'Towards a New Epistemology of the Urban?' City, n. 19 (2-3), pp. 151-182. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2015.1014712
Buchs, D.M., Irving, D., Coombs, H., Miranda, R., Wang, J., Coronado, M., Arrocha, R., Lacerda, M., Goff, C., Almengor, E., Portugal, E., Franceschi, P., Chichaco, E. and Redwood, S.D. (2019) 'Volcanic contribution to emergence of Central Panama in the Early Miocene.' Scientific Reports, 9. Available from: [Accessed 13 October 2024]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37790-2
Buitendijk, M. (2022) Van Oord Wins Land Reclamation Project in the Maldives [Internet], Rotterdam, SWZ Maritime. Available from: [Accessed 3 April 2023].
Business News (2014), The Suspension of the South Korean STX Project Has Brought the Development of Changxing Island to a Near Standstill [Internet], Finance Sina. Available from: [Accessed 8 October 2024].
Cabral-Cano, E., Hugh Dixon, T., Miralles-Wilhelm, F., Diaz-Molina, O., Sanchez Zamora, O. and Carande, R. (2008) 'Space Geodetic Imaging of Rapid Ground Subsidence in Mexico City.' Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 120 (11-12), pp. 1556-1566. https://doi.org/10.1130/B26001.1
Cadmapper (2022) Maps. Available from: [Accessed 8 March 2025].
Campbell, H. (2016) Lake Nicaragua [Internet], Chicago, United States, Encyclopedia Britannica. Available from: [Accessed 15 March 2023].
Canal de Panamá (2021) Conversando Con: La Historiadora Marixa Lasso [Online video]. Available from: [Accessed 29 March 2023].
Cardoso, Y.W. (2007) Socio-cultural Influences on Urban Ecosystems. Master's thesis. University of Guelph. Available from: [Accessed 24 September 2024].
Carley, J. (2013) About FOS [Internet], Toronto, Canada, Friends of the Spit. Available from: [Accessed 29 January 2025].
CEDD (2019) S3 Central and Wan Chai Reclamation [Internet], Hong Kong, Civil Engineering and Development Department. Available from: [Accessed 6 April 2023].
Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN)and Columbia University (2005) World Human Population Density Map [Internet]. Available from: < https://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/set/gpw-v4-population-density-rev11 > [Accessed 20 June 2025].
Chan, A. (2014) Sympathetic Landscapes: An Aesthetics for the Leslie Street Spit. Master's thesis. University of Waterloo. Available from: [Accessed 24 September 2024].
Chandran, S. and Purkayastha, S. (2018) 'History of Reclaimed Kayals in Kuttanad Wetland and Associated Social Divide.' Transaction 41 (1), pp. 69-80.
Chaussard, E., Havazli, E., Fattahi, H., Cabral-Cano, E. and Solano-Rojas, D. (2021) 'Over a Century of Sinking in Mexico City: No Hope for Significant Elevation and Storage Capacity Recovery.' Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 126 (4). https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JB020648
Chilaka, E.M. (no date) Dredging, Reclamation and the Expansion of Lagos Metropolitan Territory, 1860 to Present Times. Lagos, Lagos Journal of Environmental Studies. Available from: [Accessed 8 April 2023].
Chipperfield, T., Jarvie, S. and Venier, J. (2000) Tommy Thompson Park: Public Urban Wilderness: Habitat Creation and Enhancement Projects 1995-2000 [Internet], Toronto, Canada, Tommy Thompson Park. Available from: [Accessed 24 September 2024].
Cho, A., Bray, W.D., Gordon, B.L., Gormely, P., Padelford, N.J., Sherman, M. and Worthington, W.E. (1998) Panama Canal [Internet], Chicago, United States, Encyclopedia Britannica. Available from: [Accessed 06 April 2023].
Chong, D. (2003) Harbour Poisoned: Activists [Internet], Hong Kong, The Standard. Available from: [Accessed 6 April 2023].
Cigna, F. and Tapete, D. (2022) 'Land Subsidence and Aquifer-system Storage Loss in Central Mexico: A Quasi-continental Investigation with Sentinel-1 InSAR.' Geophysical Research Letters, 49 (15). https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098923
Cipriani, L. (2022) 'Land of sand: reclaiming the sea, landscapes and lives in Malacca, Malaysia.' City, n. 26 (5-6), pp. 888-910. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2022.2126168
Cipriani, L. ed. (2018) Landscapes of Hope: Reclaiming Malacca. Singapore, National University Singapore.
Clément, G. (2004) Manifesto of the Third Landscape. Lund, Sweden, Trans Europe Halles.
Cole, L. (1986) 'Urban Opportunities for a More Natural Approach.' In: Bradshaw, A.D., Goode, D.A. and Thorp, E. eds. Ecology and Design in Landscape: The 24th Symposium of the British Ecological Society Manchester 1983. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications, pp. 417-431.
Coloma, E., Cong, Z.A., Lee, R., Li, P., Liu, Y., Lyu, C., Nelson, P., Macarie, A.V., Pineros Sanchez, L., Torres Santana, J., Wang, C.H., Zhang, B. (2018) Manila: Future Habitations [Internet], Cambridge, US, Harvard University Graduate School of Design. Available from: [Accessed 31 March 2025].
Compagnie Nouvelle du Canal de Panama (1890) Carte de l'Isthme de Panama. Harvard Library. Available from: [Accessed 13 October 2024].
Compagnie Universelle du Canal Interocéanique de Panama and Erhard (1886) Plan Général du Canal. Paris, Gallica. Available from: [Accessed 13 October 2024].
CONAGUA (2015) Statistics on Water in Mexico, 2015 Edition [Internet], Coyoacan, Mexico, National Water Commission. Available from: [Accessed 02 March 2025].
Cortes, A. and Arrocha, I. (2021) The Venice of Africa: The Story of Makoko [Internet], Minnesota, US, Sustainable Commons. Available from: [Accessed 5 April 2023].
Cutino, V. and Di Pinto, V. (2018) 'Informal Settlements, Complexity and Urban Models. Is There Any Order in Autopoietic Urban Systems?' In: Leone, A. and Gargiulo, C. eds. Environmental and Territorial Modelling for Planning and Design. Napoli: FedOAPress - Federico II Open Access University Press. Available from: [Accessed 12 December 2024].
Davis, M.L. and Cornwell, D.A. (2013) Introduction to Environmental Engineering. 2nd ed. New York, McGraw-Hill.
De Afsluitdijk (2021) Historie [Internet], De Afsluitdijk. Available from: [Accessed 22 March 2022].
De Ronde, J., Mulder, J., van Buren, L. and Ysebaert, T. (2013) Eindadvies ANT Oosterschelde [Internet], Vlissingen, the Netherlands, Delta Expertise. Available from: [Accessed 29 March 2022].
De Vriend, H. and van Koningsveld, M. (2012) Building with nature Thinking, acting, and interacting differently [Internet], Dordrecht, the Netherlands, Ecoshape. Available from: [Accessed 28 March 2022].
Delestrac, D. (2013) Sand Wars. ARTE France.
Deltares (2010) R&D Highlights 2010 [Internet], Delft, the Netherlands. Available from: [Accessed 30 March 2025].
Deltares (2015) Towards a Water Sensitive Mexico City [Internet], Delft, the Netherlands, Deltares. Available from: [Accessed 02 March 2025].
Desfor, G. (1988) 'Planning Urban Waterfront Industrial District: Toronto's Ashbridge's Bay, 1889-1910.' Urban History Review, 17 (2), pp.77-91. https://doi.org/10.7202/1017653ar
Di Pinto, V., Rinaldi, A.M. and Rossini, F. (2021) 'Learning from the Informality. Using GIS Tools to Analyze the Structure of Autopoietic Urban Systems in the "Smart Perspective."' Internal Journal of Geo-Information, 10 (4), p. 202. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10040202
District Management Committee (2009) Notice on Issuing the Interim Measures for Compensation and Resettlement for Land and Sea Requisition in Dalian Changxing Island Lingang Industrial Zone [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed 8 October 2024].
District Management Committee (2020) 2020 Changxing Island Economic Zone Ecological Environment Protection Work Plan [Internet]. Available from: http://www.ccxi.gov.cn/info/1429/20865.htm> [Accessed 8 October 2024].
Duvat, V.K.E. (2020) 'Human-Driven Atoll Island Expansion in the Maldives.' Anthropocene, 32, pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2020.100265
Duvat, V.K.E. and Magnan, A.K. (2019) 'Rapid Human-driven Undermining of Atoll Island Capacity to Adjust to Ocean Climate-related Pressures.' Scientific Reports, 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51468-3
Ebuzor, C. (2016) Governor Orders Demolition of Shanties Around Creeks, Waterways [Internet], Lagos, Nigeria, Pulse. Available from: < https://www.pulse.ng/articles/news/local/ambode-governor-orders-demolition-of-shanties-around-creeks-waterways-2024080310030772444> [Accessed 8 March 2025].
Ecoshape (2022) What is Building with Nature? [Internet], Dordrecht, the Netherlands, Ecoshape. Available from: [Accessed 28 March 2022].
EcoShape (no date) Tidal Flat Nourishment - Galgeplaat [Internet], Dordrecht, the Netherlands, Ecoshape. Available from: [Accessed 23 March 2022].
Emordi, U. (2024) Eko Atlantic: All You Need To Know - Price, Location, Owner, Delivery [Internet], Lagos, Nigeria, Own a Home. Available from: [Accessed 8 March 2025].
EPD (2007) Marine Water Quality in Hong Kong, EPD [Internet], Hong Kong, Environmental Protection Department. Available from: [Accessed 6 April 2023].
EPD (2014) 灣仔發展計劃第II期綜合可行性研究, EIA - Executive Summary [Internet], Hong Kong, Environmental Protection Department. Available from: [Accessed 6 April 2023].
ESRI (2023) Maps. Available from: [Accessed 6 April 2023].
ESRI World Imagery Wayback (2022). Maps. Available from: [Accessed 8 October 2024].
Fasona, M., Ariori, N. and Akintuyi, A. (2020) 'The Challenge of Urban Evolution and Land Management in Developing Countries: Some Lessons from the City of Lagos.' In: Akinyele, R.T., Nubi, T.G. and Omirin, M.M. eds. Land and Development in Lagos. Lagos, University of Lagos Press and Bookshop, pp. 716-715.
Fernelius, K.J. (2020) A Private City: The Rise of Eko Atlantic [Internet], New Orleans, Current Affairs. Available from: [Accessed 15 October 2024].
Fletcher, R. (2016) 'Connection with Nature is an Oxymoron: A Political Ecology of Nature-deficit Disorder.' The Journal of Environmental Education, 48 (4), pp. 226-233. https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.2016.1139534
Fung, P.T. (2020) What Does the Policy Formulation Process of East Lantau Metropolis and Lantau Tomorrow Vision Policy Imply Hong Kong Policy Style [Internet], Singapore, The International Academic Forum. Available from: [Accessed 9 March 2025]. https://doi.org/10.22492/issn.2186-2303.2020.3
Gaillard, D.D. (1912) 'Culebra Cut and the Problem of the Slides.' Scientific American, 107 (19), pp. 388-390. Available from: < https://www.jstor.org/stable/26011428 > [Accessed 06 April 2023]. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican11091912-388
Galuszka, J. (2014) 'Community-based Approaches to Settlement Upgrading as Manifested through the Big ACCA Projects in Metro Manila, Philippines.' Environment and Urbanization, 26 (1), pp. 276-296. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247813517850
García-Villalba, C.O. (2020) Resilient Urban Regeneration in Informal Settlements in the Tropics: Upgrading Strategies in Asia and Latin America (Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements). 1st ed. Singapore, Springer.
George, A. (1987) 'Social and Economic Aspects of Attached Laborers in Kuttanad Agriculture.' Economic and Political Weekly, 22 (52), pp. 141-150.
Gilbert, K. M. and Shi, Y. (2023) 'Slums Evolution and Sustainable Urban Growth: A Comparative Study of Makoko and Badia-East Areas in Lagos City.' Sustainability, 15 (19), p. 14353. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914353
Goodstadt, L.F. (2014) Poverty in the Midst of Affluence: How Hong Kong Mismanaged Its Prosperity. Hong Kong, Hong Kong University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9789888313099
Google Earth (2022) Maps 1989-2020. Available from:https://www.google.it/intl/it/earth/index.html> [Accessed 8 March 2025].
Google Earth (2023) Maps. Available from: [Accessed 8 March 2025].
Google Maps (2023) Maps. Available from: [Accessed: 30 March 2023].
Greenpeace East Asia (2003) 海底毒泥危害公众健康 [Internet], 绿色和平. Available from: [Accessed 6 April 2023].
Habitat for Humanity (2007) HFH Philippines Continues To Build Medium-Rise Homes For Urban Dwellers In Manila [Internet], Atlanta, US, Habitat for Humanity. Available from: [Accessed 31 March 2025].
Hajer, M. and Zonneveld, W. (2000) 'Spatial Planning in the Network Society - Rethinking the Principles of Planning in the Netherlands.' European Planning Studies, 8 (3), pp. 337-355. https://doi.org/10.1080/713666411
Hammond, C.S. (1911) Panama Canal. Florida Center for Instructional Technology. Available from: [Accessed 13 October 2024].
Hao, F. (2019) China's Coastline in Transition [Internet], China Dialogue Ocean. Available from: [Accessed 8 October 2024].
Harmon, R.S. (2005) The Rio Chagres, Panama: A Multidisciplinary Profile of a Tropical Watershed [Internet], Berlin, Germany, Springer Science and Business Media. Available from: [Accessed 06 April 2023]. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3297-8
Havermans, O. (2021) De Marker Wadden: Dit Vogelaarsparadijs Is Gemaakt Van Bagger [Internet], Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Trouw. Available from: [Accessed 24 January 2025].
HEC (2017) Harbour-Front Enhancement Review - Wan Chai, Causeway Bay and Adjoining Areas ("HER") [Internet], Hong Kong, Harbour-front Enhancement Committee. Available from: [Accessed 6 April 2023].
Hernández-Espriú, A., Reyna-Gutiérrez, J.A., Sánchez-León, E., Cabral-Cano, E., Carrera-Hernández, J.J., Martinez-Santos, P., Macías-Medrano, S., Falorni, G. and Colombo, D. (2014) 'The DRASTIC-Sg Model: An Extension to the DRASTIC Approach for Mapping Groundwater Vulnerability in Aquifers Subject to Differential Land Subsidence, with Application to Mexico City.' Hydrogeology Journal, 22 (6), pp. 1469-1485. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-014-1130-4
HKeL (2018) Cap. 531 Protection of the Harbour Ordinance, Legislation [Internet], Hong Kong, Hong Kong e-Legislation. Available from: [Accessed 6 April 2023].
Hogenboom, M. (2018) Climate Change: How a City that Floods is Running Out of Water [Internet], London, BBC Future. Available from: [Accessed 4 April 2023].
Hollander, K. (2014) Mexico City: Water Torture on a Grand and Ludicrous Scale [Internet], London, The Guardian. Available from: [Accessed 12 October 2024].
Holmes, R., Wirth, G. and Milligan, B. (2024) Silt Sand Slurry: Dredging, Sediment, and the Worlds We Are Making. Novato, CA, Oro Editions.
Holzhauer, H. and van der Werf, J. (2009) Evaluatie Proefsuppletie Galgeplaat [Internet], Utrecht, the Netherlands, Rijkswaterstraat. Available from: [Accessed 23 March 2022].
Holzhauer, H., van der Werf, J., Dijkstra, J. and Morelissen, R. (2010) Voortgangsrapportage 2010 proefsuppletie Galgeplaat [Internet], Utrecht, the Netherlands, Rijkswaterstraat. Available from: [Accessed 9 March 2025].
Hong Kong Economics Journal (2018) Who Support Lantau Tomorrow Reclamation Plan? [Internet] Hong Kong, Hong Kong Economics Journal. Available from: [Accessed 29 January 2025].
HPLB (2006) 灣仔發展計劃第二期相關事件時序表, 便覽,圖則及地圖,檢討報告 [Internet], Hong Kong, Housing, Planning and Lands Bureau. Available from: [Accessed 6 April 2023].
HPLB (2007) 中區填海第三期工程的事件表, 便覽,圖則及地圖, 檢討報告 [Internet], Housing, Planning and Lands Bureau. Available from:< http://www.devb-plb.gov.hk/reclamation/chi/basic/central_chronology040331.htm> [Accessed 6 April 2023].
Hummer, C.W.Jr. (2003) 'The Panama Canal: a Look Back, a Look Forward.' Terra et Aqua [Internet], 90. Available from: [Accessed 13 October 2024].
Hunt, J. D. (2000) Greater Perfections: The Practice of Garden Theory. London, Thames and Hudson.
Hwang, Y.H. and Feng, Y. (2019) '12 years after: lessons from incremental changes in open spaces in a slum-upgrading project.' Landscape Research, 45 (4), pp. 412-427. https://doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2019.1673327
Hwang, Y.H. and Feng, Y. (2022) Mangroves on a Landfill [Internet], Portland, United States, Places Journal. Available from: [Accessed 29 January 2025].
IBA Canada (no date) Leslie Street Spit (ON038) [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed 9 March 2025].
Ijsselmeervereinigung (2023) IJsselmeergebied, Uitdam, the Netherlands, Ijsselmeervereinigung. Available from: [Accessed 30 March 2025].
Ingold, T. (2011) Being Alive: Essays on Movement, Knowledge and Description. London, Routledge.
International Finance Corporation (2016) Panama Canal Expansion - Key to Global Trade [Internet], Washington DC, United States, International Finance Corporation. Available from: [Accessed 25 March 2023].
International Ship Network (2009) Changxing Island Speed Allows STX to Create Shipbuilding Legend [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed 8 October 2024].
International Ship Network (2014) STX Group's Former President Jiang Deshou Sentenced to Heavy Punishment for Corruption [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed 8 October 2024].
Jackson, P.S.B. (2011) 'From Liability to Profitability: Ashbridge's Bay.' In: Desfor, G. and Laidley, J. eds. Reshaping Toronto's Waterfront. Toronto, Buffalo, London, University of Toronto Press, pp. 88-89.
Jaleel, M. I., Ibrahim, S.A., Hussain, A., Mustafa, M. and Pathirana, A. (2020) 'A Screening Approach for Assessing Groundwater Quality for Consumption in Small Islands: Case Study of 45 Inhabited Islands in the Maldives.' Water, 12 (8), p. 2209. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12082209
Jayan P.R. (2010) 'Overview of Farming Practices in the Water-logged Areas of Kerala, India.' International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 3 (4), pp. 28-43.
Johnson, C.Y., Bowker, J.M., Bergstrom, C. and Cordell K.H. (2004) 'Wilderness Values in America: Does Immigrant Status or Ethnicity Matter?' Society and Natural Resources, 17 (7), pp. 611-628. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920490466585
Jordan III, W.R. (2000) 'Restoration, Community and Wilderness.' In: Gobster, P.H. and Hull, R.B. eds. Restoring Nature: Perspectives from the Social Sciences and Humanities. Washington, D.C., Island Press, pp. 23-36.
Kamranuddin, K., Sandeep Reddy, C. and Rana Prathap, J. (2021) 'Flood Mitigation and River Pamba in Kerala - Insights and Measures with Special Reference to Thottappally.' Journal of Critical Reviews [Internet], 8 (1), pp. 1-4. Available from: [Accessed 23 March 2022].
Keiner, C. (2020) 'Canalizing and Colonizing the Isthmus.' In: Keiner, C. Deep Cut. Georgia, University of Georgia Press, pp. 17-32.
Kelvin S.R. (2014) 'On the Geological Hazards that Threaten Existing and Proposed Reclamations of Manila Bay.' Philippine Science Letters, 7 (1), pp. 229-230.
Kerala Topographic Map. Available from: [Accessed 25 September 2024].
Kimmelman, M. (2017) Changing Climate, Changing Cities: Mexico City, Parched and Sinking, Faces a Water Crisis [Internet], New York, The New York Times. Available from: [Accessed 4 April 2023].
Kinard, J. (2023) Water Shortages Threaten to Increase Violence and Disappearances in Mexico [Internet], New York, Scientific American. Available from: [Accessed 12 October 2024].
Klein, C. (2021) Why the Construction of the Panama Canal Was So Difficult-and Deadly [Internet], A&E Television Networks. Available from: [Accessed 29 January 2025].
Kohsiek, L., Mulder, J., Louters, T. and Berben, F. (1987) De Oosterschelde Naar Een Nieuw Onderwaterlandschap [Internet], Goes, RWS Dienst Getijdewateren. Available from: [Accessed 7 April 2022].
Kolathayar, S., Krishnan, U.S.A and Sitharam, T.G. (2021) 'Appraisal of Thanneermukkom Bund as a Coastal Reservoir in Kuttanad, Kerala.' Journal of Applied Water Engineering and Research 9 (3), pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/23249676.2021.1884612
Koningsveld, van M. and Raalten, van G.H. (2011) Introducing Guidelines for Eco-dynamic Development and Design [Internet], Berlin, Germany, ResearchGate. Available from: [Accessed 28 March 2022].
Koo, Y.C., Lai, K.C. and Zen, W.P. (2018) 香港的填海工程 (上), 大舜基金 [Internet], Hong Kong, Dashun Foundation. Available from: [Accessed 6 April 2023].
Kooiman, R. (2022) Grondleveringen Marker Wadden Gecontroleerd, Foute Toepassing Wordt Hersteld [Internet], Amersfoort, the Netherlands, Natuurmonumenten. Available from: [Accessed 23 March 2022].
Kowarik, I. (2005) 'Wild Urban Woodlands: Towards a Conceptual Framework.' In: Kowarik, I. and Körner, S. eds. Wild Urban Woodlands: New Perspectives for Urban Forestry. Berlin; New York, Springer, pp. 1-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26859-6_1
Kuriakose, M. (2014) 'The Saga of the Commons in Kuttanad: Appropriations, Contests, Developments.' Decision, 41, pp. 217-228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40622-014-0049-x
Kurian, A. and Mathews, S. (2021) 'Impacts of a Flash Flood on Drinking Water Quality: Sanitary Analysis of Drinking Water of Kuttanad Area Affected with Flood.' International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology [Internet], 6 (1), pp. 1113-1118. Available from: [Accessed 23 March 2022].
Lai, L.W.C., Lu, W.W.S. and Lorne, F.T. (2014) 'A Catallactic Framework of Government Land Reclamation: The Case of Hong Kong and Shenzhen.' Habitat International, 44, pp. 62-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2014.04.013
Lam, C. (2019) Cost Management and Environmental Mitigation of Land Reclamation - Legco, 填海的成本管理及環境緩解措施 [Internet], Hong Kong, The Legislative Council Commission. Available from: [Accessed 6 April 2023].
Lasso, M. (2019) Erased: The Untold Story of the Panama Canal. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674239746
Lasso, M. (2021) Historias Perdidas del Canal de Panamá. Colombia, Ariel Colombia.
Latour, B. (2004) Politics of Nature: How to Bring the Sciences into Democracy. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.
Laurent, C.M.L., Van der Zwet, J., Damsteeg, J.W., Slat, B., Andrady, A.L. and Reisser, J. (2017) 'River Plastic Emissions to the World's Oceans,' Nature Communications, 8.1. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15611
Lee-Brago, P. (2003) DENR Urges Manila to Put Up Materials Recovery Facility at Pier 18 [Internet], Manila, the Philippines, PhilStar Global. Available from: [Accessed 31 March 2025].
Legco (2022) Study on the Artificial Islands in the Central Waters [Internet], Hong Kong, Legco. Available from: [Accessed 6 April 2023].
Liaoning Provincial Department of Natural Resources (2022) Sea Area Use Argumentation Report [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed 8 October 2024].
Lieffers, C. (2018) The Panama Canal's Forgotten Casualties [Internet], Melbourne, Australia, The Conversation. Available from: [Accessed 13 October 2024]. https://doi.org/10.64628/AAM.nm7n3sxj
Limos, M. (2021) The Curious History of Baseco, Once Manila's Notorious Pockmark [Internet] Available from: [Accessed 8 April 2022].
Liu Y., Dupre, K. and Jin, X. (2021) 'Dalian's Urban Planning and Design in Evolution.' Journal of Chinese Architecture and Urbanism, 3 (1), pp. 1024-1040. https://doi.org/10.36922/jcau.v3i1.1024
Luo, Z. (1997) An Analysis of Hong Kong Reclamation and its Effect [Internet], Tsinghua, CNKI. Available from: [Accessed 6 April 2023].
M S Swaminathan Research Foundation, India and Government of Kerala, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2012) Kuttanad Below Sea Level Farming System [Internet], Rome, Italy, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Available from: [Accessed 25 September 2024].
Maccaferri (2015) Coastal Protection Works Using Geotextile Tubes in Kochi (Petronet) [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed 8 March 2025].
Macnaghten, P. and Urry, J. (1998) Contested Natures. London, SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446217337
Macnaghten, P. and Urry, J. (1998) Contested Natures. London; California, SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446217337
Macrotrends (2025) Manila, Philippines Metro Area Population 1950-2025 [Internet]. Available from: < https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/cities/22109/manila/population > [Accessed 8 March 2025].
Maldives Bureau of Statistics (2022) Maldives Population and Housing Census [Internet], Male, Ministry of National Planning, Housing and Infrastructure. Available from: [Accessed 25 September 2024].
Manalo, K. (2019) 'Volunteers clean up waterways.' Daily Tribune, 8 April, p. 12.
Marker Wadden (2022) Marker Wadden: Results of the First Five Years of Research [Internet], Utrecht, the Netherlands, Rijkswaterstraat. Available from: [Accessed 30 March 2025].
Martens, M. (2017) The Role of 'Building with Nature' in Water Management: Theoretical Aspiration and Practical Implementation of the New Approach [Internet]. MSc Water and Coastal Management and MSc Environmental and Infrastructure Planning Thesis. University of Groningen and Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg. Available from: [Accessed 28 March 2022].
Mateer, F.L.S. (1883) Native Life in Travancore. London, H. Allen and Company.
Maynilad Water Services (2024) Maynilad Water Services, Inc. Sustainable Finance Framework [Internet], Quezon City, Philippines, Maynilad Water Services. Available from: [Accessed 29 January 2025].
Menon, A. and Schmidt-Vogt, D. (2022) 'Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Farmers and Their Responses: A Study of Three Farming Systems in Kerala, South India.' Land [Internet], 11 (1), p. 144. Available from: [Accessed 29 March 2022]. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11010144
Mercado, R.M. (2016) 'People's Risk Perceptions and Responses to Climate Change and Natural Disasters in BASECO Compound, Manila, Philippines.' Procedia Environmental Sciences, 34 (1), pp. 490-505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2016.04.043
Metropolitan Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (1989) Tommy Thompson Park: Master Plan and Environmental Assessment. Toronto, The Authority.
Metropolitan Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (2022) TRCA Annual Regulations Mapping Update. Available from: [Accessed 9 March 2025].
Metropolitan Toronto Planning Board (1967) The Waterfront Plan for the Metropolitan Toronto Planning Area [Internet], Ontario, Canada, Metropolitan Toronto Planning Board. Available from: [Accessed 9 March 2025].
Migu (2009) Featured Philippine Ports: The Manila South Harbor [Internet], Isandhopping Geek's Travel Guide. Available from: [Accessed 8 April 2022].
Miguel, M. (2022) Manila Bay Clean Up Program [Internet], Phillipines, Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Available from: [Accessed 8 April 2022].
Millenniumwaterstory.org (2022) MWS | Living Below the Sea Level: Its Impact on the Wetlands of Kuttanad, Kerala [Internet], Millenniumwaterstory. Available from: [Accessed 23 March 2022].
Miller, N. (2020) A New Island of Hope Rising From the Indian Ocean [Internet], London, BBC. Available from: [Accessed March 30, 2023].
Minivan News (2014) Boskalis Begins Thulusdhoo Reclamation [Internet], Male, Maldives Independent. Available from: [Accessed 8 March 2025].
MMDA (2003) Ecological Solid Waste Management System in the Philippines Project. Handout. CBESWMP-IEC Issue No 1B.
Modi, A., Nair, T.M.B., Remya, P.G., Harikumar, R., Srinivas, K. and Srinivas, G. (2021) 'The Role of Anomalous Oceanic Features on Enhancing Flooding Duration in Kuttanad Region, Kerala (India).' Journal of Earth System Science, 130, p. 111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-021-01599-x
Moens, S. and Verplanken, S. (2011) 'Dredging for the Panama Canal's New Locks at The North Entrance of the Pacific Access Channel.' Terra et Aqua [Internet], 124. Available from: [Accessed 13 October 2024].
Mörner, N.A., Tooley, M. and Possnert, G. (2004) 'New Perspectives for the Future of the Maldives.' Global and Planetary Change, 40 (1-2), pp. 177-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8181(03)00108-5
Mostafa, Y.S. (2012) 'Environmental Impacts of Dredging and Land Reclamation at Abu Qir Bay, Egypt.' Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 3 (1), pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2011.12.004
Mulder, M. (2020) 500.000 Kubieke Meter Extra Zand Voor Marker Wadden [Internet], Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Noordhollands Dagblad. Available from: [Accessed 20 March 2022].
Muller, N. (2022) Seeking Higher Ground: Climate Resilience in the Maldives [Internet], Arlington, USA, The Diplomat. Available from: [Accessed 25 September 2024].
Murphy, D. (2012) Baseco and Its Proclamation [Internet], Philippines, Office of the Ombudsman. Available from: [Accessed 8 April 2022].
Naish, A. (2014) President Yameen urges ACC to expedite investigations involving government projects [Internet], Minivan News - Archive. Available from: [Accessed 8 March 2025].
National Bureau of Statistics, Rep. Maldives (2019) Household Income and expenditure Survey 2019 - Housing Indicators [Internet], Male, Maldives Bureau of Statistics. Available from: [Accessed 25 September 2024].
Natuurmonumenten (no date) Dynamisch Natuurgebied in Het Markermeer [Internet], Amersfoort, the Netherlands, Natuurmonumenten. Available from: [Accessed 22 March 2022].
Navarra, N. (2020) 'Surmounting the Risk: Community Ties of Baseco Compound in Managing Risk.' Journal in Urban and Regional Planning UP School of Urban and Regional Planning [Internet], pp. 26-36. Available from: [Accessed 29 January 2025].
Nazario, D., Damicog, J.G. and Panaligan, R.G. (2019). Pamalakaya Bats for Restoration of Mangroves, Coral Reefs for Manila Bay Rehabilitation [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed 8 March 2025].
NextGIS (2023) Panama. Available from: [Accessed 28 February 2023].
Ng, M.K. and Hills, P. (2000) Hong Kong: World City or Great City of the World? Hong Kong: Centre of Urban Planning and Environmental Management, The University of Hong Kong.
Nolte, A., Grashof, J. and Bolman, B. (2024). Verkennende Systeemanalyse Zuidwestelijke Delta [Internet], Delft, the Netherlands, Deltares. Available from: [Accessed 30 March 2025].
NPO (2022) Oasis in de Orient [Online video]. Available from: [Accessed 25 September 2024].
O'Mara, J. (1976) Shaping Urban Waterfronts: The Role of Toronto's Harbour Commissioners, 1911-1960. Discussion paper no. 13. Toronto, Department of Geography, York University.
Ogbebor, O. (2015) Historical Facts About Lagos "Eko" [Internet], Osarome Ogbebor. Available from: [Accessed 8 March 2025].
Ogena, N.B. (2012) Social Survey on Muslims Migrants in Metro Manila [Internet], Manila, College of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of the Philippines. Available from: [Accessed 29 January 2025].
Oman, R., Videčnik, Š. and Rubin, D. eds. (2018) Manila: Future Habitations [Internet], Cambridge, US, Harvard University Graduate School of Design. Available from: [Accessed 31 March 2025].
Omroep Flevoland (2020a) #todb Houtribdijk, Markerwaarddijk of Enkhuizerdijk. Hoe Heet Die Dijk Nou Eigenlijk? [Internet], Lelystad, the Netherlands, Omroep Flevoland. Available from: [Accessed 20 March 2022].
Omroep Flevoland (2020b) Waarschuwing Voor Botulisme Bij Natuurgebied Marker Wadden [Internet], Lelystad, the Netherlands, Omroep Flevoland. Available from: [Accessed 7 April 2022].
Ontario Ministry of the Environment (MOE) (1982) Lakefill quality study: Leslie Street Spit, city of Toronto. Toronto, Environment Canada.
OpenStreetMap (2023) Digital Maps. Available from: [Accessed 12 October 2024].
Otte, J. (2023) Wildlife in the Maldives [Internet], Animals Around the Globe. Available from: [Accessed 19 January 2025].
Padmakumar, K.G, Kunjamma, M., Abraham, T., Remya, P.R., Anitha, V., Mohan, H., Praseetha, T., Sreeja, M.S. and Stephy, K.A. (2019) Impact of Flood and Deluge on Hydrobiology and Biodiversity Endowments of Kuttanad Wetland Ecosystem, Kerala. Kuttanad, India, International Research and Training Centre for Below Sea Level farming.
Padmakumar, K.G. (2006) 'Rice-fish Integration: A Win-win Farming Model for Low Lands.' In: Balachandran, P.V., Louis, V. and Padmakumar, K.G. eds. Rice-Fish Integration through Organic Farming. Udaipur, India, Agrotech Publishing Academy, pp. 86-100.
Padmakumar, K.G. (2013) Kuttanad-Global Agricultural Heritage: Promoting Uniqueness. Proceedings of the Kerala Environment Congress. Kumarakom: Kerala Agricultural University.
Panama Canal Railway Company (no date) Panama Canal Railway Company [Internet], Balboa, Panama, Panama Canal Railway Company. Available from: < http://www.panarail.com/> [Accessed 03 April 2023].
Panama Vieja Escuela (2020) La Historia del Ferrocarril de Panamá [Internet], Panama Vieha Escuela. Available from: [Accessed 28 March 2023].
Peypus, F. (1524) Map of Tenochtitlan. Available from: [Accessed 12 October 2024].
Philatlas.com (no date) Barangay 649, Manila Profile [Internet], PhilAtlas Available from: [Accessed 8 April 2022].
Phillips, I.E. (2021) 'Constructing the Panama Canal: A Brief History.' The Downton Review [Internet], 7 (2). Available from: . [Accessed 13 October 2024].
PIANC (2008) PIANC Position Paper 'Working with Nature' [Internet], Brussels, Belgium, PIANC. Available from: [Accessed 28 March 2022].
Pillai, V.R. and Panikkar, G.K. (1965) Land Reclamation in Kerala. New York: Asia Publishing House.
Pisapia, C., El Kateb, A., Hallock, P. and Spezzaferri, S. (2017) 'Assessing Coral Reef Health in the North Ari Atoll (Maldives) Using the FoRAM Index.' Marine Micropaleontology, 133, pp. 50-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2017.06.001
Pland (2011) Urban Design Study for the New Central Harbourfront [Internet], Hong Kong, Pland. Available from: [Accessed 6 April 2023].
Pland and AECOM (2019) Urban Design Study for the Wan Chai North and North Point Harbourfront Areas [Internet], Hong Kong, Pland and AECOM. Available from: [Accessed 6 April 2023].
Poon Tsz , F. (2020) What does the Policy Formulation Process of East Lantau Metropolis and Lantau Tomorrow Vision Policy Imply Hong Kong Policy Style. National University of Singapore. The International Academic Forum.
Poon, O. (1997) 香港填海面面观, 地理学报 [Internet], Beijing, Acta Geographica Sinica. Available from: [Accessed 6 April 2023].
PRB (2007) Urban Population to Become the New Majority Worldwide [Internet], Washington, US, Population Reference Bureau. Available from: < https://www.prb.org/resources/urban-population-to-become-the-new-majority-worldwide> [Accessed 31 March 2025].
projects/lake+ontario+park> [Accessed 24 September 2024].
Prozzo, A. (2016) Tender: Project Management for Port Works [Internet], Panama, The Panama Perspective. Available from: [Accessed 10 March 2023].
Punch, K. (2014) Introduction to Social Research. 2nd ed. Los Angeles, SAGE.
Rabelo, L., Marin, M., Xanthopoulos, P., Lennox, C., Coiduras, P., Campos, B., Andrade, L., Collins, R., Atencio, E. and Pitty, D. (2012) 'Schematic of the Panama Canal.' In: Preliminary Hybrid Modeling of the Panama Canal: Operations and Salinity Diffusion. Modelling and Simulation in Engineering. Hindawi Publishing Corporation. Available from: [Accessed 13 October 2024]. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/806139
Rijkswaterstaat (no date a) Houtribdijk [Internet], Utrecht, the Netherlands, Rijkswaterstraat. Available from: [Accessed 23 March 2022].
Rossini, F. (2020) 'Regenerating Informal Settlements Through Mapping and Public Space: The Case of Baseco Compound in Manila.' Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements [Internet], pp. 55-82. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7307-7_4
Royal HaskoningDHV (2014) Milieueffecten Rapport Eerste Fase Marker Wadden [Internet], Amsersfoort, the Netherlands, Royal HaskoningDHV. Available from: [Accessed 29 March 2022].
Royal HaskoningDHV (2022) Grondstromen Marker Wadden 2016-2021 [Internet], Amsersfoort, the Netherlands, Royal HaskoningDHV. Available from: [Accessed 18 March 2022].
Ryszard, D. (2016) 'Panama Canal opens its gates to more and larger vessels.' Inżynieria Morska i Geotechnika (Maritime Engineering and Soil Technology), 4, pp. 242-254. Available from: <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310707907_Panama_Canal_opens_its_gates_to_more_and_larger_vessels_in_English_Inzynieria_Morska_i_Geotechnika_Maritime_Engineering_Soil_Technology_No_42016_Gdansk_JulyAug_2016> [Accessed 13 October 2024].
Savage Lantau Alliance (2018) 擷取自 [Internet], Savage Lantau Alliance. Available from: [Accessed 29 January 2025].
Schopf, H. and Foster, J. (2013) 'Buried Localities: Archaeological Exploration of a Toronto Dump and Wilderness Refuge.' Local Environment, 19 (10), pp. 1086-1109. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2013.841660
Schultz, B. (2022) 'Interview with Bart Schultz.' Interview by Eva IJzermans and Hugo Mohr [Online], 15 March.
Shaji, K.A. (2021) Why Are Residents of Low-lying Kuttanad Abandoning Their Homes? [Internet], Kerala, India, Mongabay. Available from: [Accessed 25 September 2024].
Shih, W.C. (2018) 誰最反對大規模填海, 灼見名家 [Internet], Hong Kong, Master-Insight. Available from: [Accessed 6 April 2023].
Sina Finance (2007) Dalian Changxing Island Lingang Industrial Zone 100-day relocation mystery [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed 8 October 2024].
Singh, R.B. ed. (2015) Urban Development Challenges, Risks and Resilience in Asian Mega Cities, Advances in Geographical and Environmental Sciences [Internet], Tokyo, Springer Japan. doi: 10.1007/978-4-431-55043-3. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55043-3
Sliwa, M. (2014) 'Mexico City: Reconnecting an Inland Metropolis to Water.' Conference: 50th ISOCARP Congress. Urban Transformations: Cities and Water. Available from: [Accessed 12 October 2024].
Smith, L. (2020) Urban Design Thesis, 2019: BASECO, Strategic Pathways to Formalize the Informal. MSc in Sustainable Urban Design, LTH, Lund University. Available from: [Accessed 29 January 2025].
Snober, K. (2018) Returning Wilderness: Centre for Environmental Education [Internet]. Master's thesis. University of Waterloo. Available from: [Accessed 24 September 2024].
Society for Protection of the Harbour (2021) Harbour Protection: 本會宗旨 [Internet], Hong Kong, Harbour Protection | 本會宗旨. Available from: [Accessed 6 April 2023].
Sooryalekshmi, S. (2019) 'An Assessment of Flood in Kuttanad: A Study of Infrastructural Damages to Household and Coping Mechanism of the Local Self Government Institutions.' A journal of composition theory, 7 (11), pp. 192-199.
Soto Montes de Oca, G. and Bateman, I.J. (2006) 'Scope Sensitivity in Households' Willingness to Pay for Maintained and Improved Water Supplies in a Developing World Urban Area: Investigating the Influence of Baseline Supply Quality and Income Distribution Upon Stated Preferences in Mexico City.' Water Resources Research, 42 (7). https://doi.org/10.1029/2005WR003981
Speelman, L.H., Nicholls, R.J. and Dyke, J. (2016) 'Contemporary Migration Intentions in the Maldives: The Role of Environmental and Other Factors.' Springer Japan, 12 (1), pp. 433-451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-016-0410-4
Spirn, A.W. (1998) The Language of Landscape. New Haven, CT, Yale University Press.
Sreejith, K.A. (2013) 'Human Impact on Kuttanad Wetland Ecosystem: An Overview.' International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology [Internet], 2 (4), pp. 679-690. Available from: [Accessed 25 September 2024].
Stegenga, H. (2020) Zijn de Marker Wadden een 'Afvaldump'? 'Hier Gebeurt Alles Netjes,' Zegt Natuurmonumenten [Internet], Rotterdam, the Netherlands, AD. Available from: [Accessed 21 March 2022].
Stichting Delta Werken (2004) De Deltawerken [Internet], Stichting Deltawerken Online. Available from: < https://web.archive.org/web/20050228084301/http://www.deltawerken.com/Deltawerken/16.html> [Accessed 30 March 2025].
Storlazzi, C.D., Gingerich, S.B., van Dongeren, A., Cheriton, O.M., Swarzenski, P.W., Quataert, E., Voss, C.I., Field, D.W., Annamalai, H., Piniak, G.A., McCall, R. (2018) 'Most atolls will be uninhabitable by the mid-21st century because of sea-level rise exacerbating wave-driven flooding.' Science Advances, 4 (4). Available from: < https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aap9741> [Accessed: 30 March 2023]. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aap9741
Striker, M. (2011) Intensification, Compact City Development and Sustainability: Case Studies of Hong Kong (China) and Randstad (The Netherlands) [Internet]. ISOCARP.
Su, M.C. and Mlčák, D. (2014) Survey of Drinking Water Access and Utilization in Baseco Slum, Manila, Philippines. Influence Factors, Drinking Water Type Preferences, and Spatial Distribution. Master Thesis. Available from: [Accessed 8 April 2022].
Tameling, H. (2019) Wat Zijn De Marker Wadden? [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed 21 March 2022].
The Associated Press (2010) Manila Slum Fire Leaves 4,000 Homeless [Internet], New York, CBS News. Available from: [Accessed 8 April 2022].
Thomas, H. (2001) 'Towards a New Higher Education Law in Lithuania: Reflections on the Process of Policy Formulation.' Higher Education Policy, 14 (3), pp. 212-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0952-8733(01)00015-0
Tien, N., Van Rijssel, J.C. and Vrooman, J. (2021) Bestandsoverzicht Van Snoekbaars, Baars, Blankvoorn En Brasem: In Het IJsselmeer/Markermeer, 2021 [Internet], Wageningen, the Netherlands, Wageningen Marine Research. https://doi.org/10.18174/545677
Tikkanen, A. (no date) Gatun Lake [Internet], Chicago, United States, Encyclopedia Britannica. Available from: [Accessed 15 March 2023].
Topotijdreis (2016-2022) Marker Wadden 2016-2022. Available from: [Accessed 8 April 2022].
Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (2006) Tommy Thompson Park; Interim Management Program. Toronto, TRCA.
Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (2024) A History of Tommy Thompson Park. Toronto, TRCA. Available from: [Accessed 24 September 2024].
Tsui, K. and Chaoul, A.I. (2022) Drought in Mexico Leads to Water Rationing, Theft [Internet], Washington, The Washington Post. Available from: [Accessed 12 October 2024].
Turak, N. (2017) Shifting Sands: Will Hulhumalé Project Ease Pressure on the Maldives? [Internet], FDI Intelligence. Available from: [Accessed: 30 March 2023].
UN (2018). 68% of the World Population Projected to Live in Urban Areas by 2050, Says UN [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed 8 March 2025].
UNDP (2024) Running Dry: Addressing Water Stress in LAC [Internet], New York, UNDP. Available from: [Accessed 02 March 2025].
UNEP (2014) Sand, Rarer Than One Thinks. Sioux Falls, SD, United Nations Environment Programme.
UNEP (2019) Sand and Sustainability: Finding New Solutions for Environmental Governance of Global Sand Resources. Geneva, GRIDGeneva, United Nations Environment Programme.
United Nations (2018) 68% of the World Population Projected to Live in Urban Areas by 2050, Says UN [Internet], New York, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Available from: [Accessed 31 March 2025].
USACE (no date) About EWN [Internet], Engineering with Nature. Available from: [Accessed 24 January 2025].
Valenzuela, V.P.B., Esteban, M. and Onuki, M. (2020) 'Perception of Disasters and Land Reclamation in an Informal Settlement on Reclaimed Land: Case of the BASECO Compound, Manila, the Philippines.' International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 11 (5), pp. 640-654. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-020-00300-y
Vallikappen, T. (2020) The Making and Unmaking of Kuttanad. Doctoral Thesis. Bergen, University of Bergen. Available from: [Accessed 25 September 2024].
Van Bentum, K.M., Hoyng, C.W., van Ledden, M., Luijendijk, A.P. and Stive, M.J.F. (2012) 'The Lagos Coast: Investigation of the Long-term Morphological Impact of the Eko Atlantic City Project' [Internet]. NCK-Days 2012: Crossing Borders in Coastal Research. Enschede, the Netherlands, 13-16 March. Twente, University of Twente, pp. 207-211. Available from: [Accessed 15 October 2024]. https://doi.org/10.3990/2.199
Van der Werf, J., Reinders, J., and van Rooijen, A. (2013) Evaluatie Galgeplaat Proefsuppletie 2008-2012. Available from: [Accessed 9 March 2025].
Van der Werf, J., Reinders, J., and Van Rooijen, A. (2013) Evaluatie Galgeplaat Proefsuppletie 2008-2012. Available from: [Accessed 9 March 2025].
Van der Werf, J., Reinders, J., van Rooijen, A., Holzhauer, H. and Ysebaert, T. (2015) 'Evaluation of a Tidal Flat Sediment Nourishment as Estuarine Management Measure.' Ocean and Coastal Management, 114, pp.77-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.06.006
Van der Winden J., Dreef, C. and Poot, M.J.M. (2019) Visdieven, Dwergsterns En Kluten Op De Marker Wadden. Jaarrapport 2019: Monitoring Van Aantallen, Broedsucces, Habitatgebruik En Prooikeuze. Utrecht, Jan van der Winden Ecology.
Van Slobbe, E., de Vriend, H.J., Aarninkhof, S., Lulofs, K.R.D., de Vries, M. and Dircke, P. (2013) 'Building with Nature: in search of resilient storm surge protection strategies.' Nat Hazards, 65, pp. 947-966. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-012-0342-y
Van Straaten, A. (2022) 'Interview with Annemieke van Straaten.' Interview by Eva IJzermans and Hugo Mohr [Online], 24 March.
Van Zanten, E. and Adriaanse, L. (2008) Verminderd Getij: Verkenning Naar Mogelijke Maatregelen Om Het Verlies Van Platen, Slikken En Schorren in De Oosterschelde Te Beperken [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed 7 April 2022].
Veenstra, T. (2016) Marker Wadden: bouwen met de natuur [Internet], Bouwenuitvoering. Available from: [Accessed 14 March 2022].
Verdonschot, P. (2020) Een robuust Markermeer [Internet], Wageningen, the Netherlands, Wageningen University & Research. Available from: [Accessed 22 March 2022].
Verschoor, M. (2020) Inpoldering' met dubieus slib en granuliet [Internet], Urk, the Netherlands, Visserijnieuws. Available from: [Accessed 23 March 2022].
Vidal, J. (2022) 'We Need Development': Maldives Switches Focus From Climate Threat to Mass Tourism [Internet], London, The Guardian. Available from: [Accessed: 30 March 2023].
Villanueva, G. (2025) Trash in Manila Bay Declined in 2024: How to Sustain it? [Internet], Manila, the Philippines, Philippine Daily Inquirer. Available from: [Accessed 31 March 2025].
Vishnu Mohan, S., Aneesh, M.S., Maya, K.K., Kumaran, N.K.P. and Padmalal, D. (2022) 'Holocene Evolution of Coastal Wetlands: A Case Study From Southern Kerala, India.' In: Janco, C. ed. Holocene Climate Change and Environment. Amsterdam, Elsevier, pp. 513-545. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90085-0.00024-3
Vista (2021) Marker Wadden [Internet], Amersfoort, the Netherlands, Natuurmonumenten. Available from: [Accessed 10 March 2022].
Vivian, N. (2020) Hong Kong Coastline. Available from: [Accessed 6 April 2023].
Vroege Vogels (2019) Vroege Vogels TV | 30 augustus 2019 | Oosterschelde [Internet], Hilversum, the Netherlands, BNNVARA. Available from: [Accessed 29 March 2022].
Wang, J. (2014) Study on the Construction Index of Public Service Facilities in the Residential Area of Dalian Changxing Island Port Industrial Zone [Master, Dalian University of Technology]. Available from: [Accessed 8 October 2024].
Wang, P., Li, G., Chen, T. and Wang, X. (2014) '基于城市发展可量化要素的香港填海特征探讨,' 城乡治理与规划改革--2014中国城市规划年会. 中国海南海口 [Internet]. Hong Kong, CNKI. Available from: [Accessed 6 April 2023].
Waterfront Toronto (2008) Lake Ontario Park Master Plan. Waterfront Toronto [Internet]. Available from:
Watts, J. (2015) Mexico City's Water Crisis - From Source to Sewer [Internet], London, The Guardian. Available from: [Accessed 12 October 2024].
Weihui, M. (2014a) 'Land Reclamation Projects in Bohai Bay Are Often Left Unfinished: Changxing Island: A "Ghost Town" Created by Reclamation.' China Times [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed 8 October 2024].
Weihui, M. (2014b) 'Bohai Bay Land Reclamation Project Is Generally Rotten, Changxing Island: Filled out the Ghost Town' [Internet], People.cn. Available from: [Accessed 8 October 2024].
Westdorp, M. (2011) Aanwezigheid Wadpieren Op Het Project Zandsuppletie Galgeplaat [Internet], Drimmelen, the Netherlands, Sportvisserij Zuidwest Nederland. Available from: [Accessed 29 March 2022].
Wijsman, J., Engelberts, A. and van den Brink, A. (2010) Flora En Fauna Geassocieerd Met Mosselpopulaties in De Oosterschelde En Voordelta in 2009 [Internet], Wageningen, the Netherlands, Wagening University & Research. Available from: [Accessed 2 April 2022].
Wikipedia (2025) Land Reclamation [Internet]. Available from: < https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reclamation > [Accessed 20 June 2025].
Wilson, W.G. and Cheskey, E.D. (2001) Leslie Street Spit - Tommy Thompson Park Important Bird Area Conservation Plan [Internet], Ontario, Canada, IBA Canada. Available from: [Accessed 24 September 2024].
Wong, M. and Morning Studio eds. (2022) How Fisherfolk of Aberdeen Harbour and Tiny Island of Peng Chau Forged Hong Kong's Vibrant History [Internet]. Hong Kong, South China Morning Post. Available from: [Accessed 30 March 2025].
Wong, S. (2020) Before and After of the HK Island Coastline [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed 8 March 2025].
Wu, S., Liu, R., Qi, L. and Liang, X. (2008) Evaluation of the Service Function Value of the Bohai Sea Ecosystem. China Population, Resources and Environment [Internet]. Available from:
Wu, X. (2011) 'Bohai is in Deep Despair.' Dialogue Earth [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed 8 October 2024].
Wu, Y., Wang, J. and Gou, A. (2023) 'The Evolution Characteristics and Driving Mechanism of Urban Construction Land in Hong Kong Since 1972,' Applied Sciences, 13 (4), p. 2565. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13042565
Wyse, L.N.B. and Bros, E. (1886) Plan Panoramique. Harvard Library. Available from: [Accessed 13 October 2024].
Xue, C.Q. and Sun, C. (2022) 'Land Reclamation in the Making of Hong Kong 1.' In: Xue, C.Q. and Sun, C., The Routledge Handbook of Infrastructure Design, New York: Routledge, pp. 294-305. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003093756-34
Yahya, F.B., Parameswaran, A. and Sebastian, R. (2005) 'Tourism and the South Asia Littoral: Voices from the Maldives.' South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies [Preprint], 28 (3), pp. 457-480. https://doi.org/10.1080/00856400500337818
Yam, T. (2018). Why Lantau Reclamation Would Breed a White Elephant, and There's Nothing 'Unavoidable' About It [Internet], Hong Kong, South China Morning Post. Available from: [Accessed 6 April 2023].
Yeung, G.L. (2021) 貝澳水牛撞學童｜保育人士批評政府監管貝澳不力令牛群無處容身 [Internet], Hong Kong, 香港01. Available from: [Accessed 6 April 2023].
Yip, T.P. (2022) 簡介港島蜑家人 兼說蜑家的意涵 [Internet], 灼見名家. Available from: [Accessed 6 April 2023].
Zhou, H. (2016) A Study on the History of Town Planning and Construction in Early-modern Hong Kong (1841-1997) [Internet]. Hong Kong, CNKI. Available from: [Accessed 6 April 2023].
Zuhuree, I. (2021) Evolution of Tourism Industry in the Maldives [Internet], Male, Saruna. Available from: [Accessed 25 September 2024].
Downloads
Published
Data Availability Statement
Existing data: this study brought together existing research data subject to license restrictions from a number of different sources. Full details are available in the reference sections of each chapter of this book.
