The Image By Proxy: Mass-Microimaging and the Epistemology of Platform-Capitalism

Authors

Marc Boumeester
Academy of Art & Design Zwolle, ArtEZ University of the Arts, The Netherlands
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8472-8100

Keywords:

Image-ontology, attention economy, affect, synthetic desire, media-philosophy

Synopsis

The exponential growth of image production has created a condition in which images no longer depict, but organise. The Image by Proxy introduces mass-microimaging as a framework for understanding how images function as infrastructural agents: automated and recursive, embedded in the logics of the attention economy. In this regime, visibility is pre-configured rather than chosen. Images operate by proxy, through algorithmic substitution and systemic validation. Their proliferation erodes perception, replacing memory and history with a perpetual present, while authenticity fades in a circulation where images reference only each other.

This book addresses the epistemic, ethical and political consequences of such automation. What forms of thought and responsibility remain possible when images dictate the conditions of recognition? How do infrastructures of imaging extend beyond representation to shape the terms of social, political and ecological existence?

Drawing on philosophy, media theory and cultural critique, The Image by Proxy argues that imaging has become the fastest-growing system of production on the planet, yet its control does not reside in any network of ethical accountability. Proxy images do not merely reflect perception; they structure reality. The book challenges the belief that visual abundance ensures democratic access, showing instead how mass-microimaging narrows thought, compresses experience and consolidates power in favour of the machinic infrastructures that sustain platform capitalism.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Marc Boumeester, Academy of Art & Design Zwolle, ArtEZ University of the Arts, The Netherlands

Dr. Marc Boumeester is a researcher, author and education-developer whose work pursues a sustained inquiry into the ontology of imaging. His theory of perception examines autopoiesis and entropy in relation to how images emerge, circulate and structure reality. He holds a PhD from Leiden University, where his research explored non-anthropocentric desire, architectural conditions and unstable media.

Boumeester has taught and developed programmes at leading institutions, including Delft University of Technology, the Royal Academy of Art, Fontys School of Fine and Performing Arts, and ArtEZ University of the Arts, where he served as dean of the AKI Academy of Art and Design. He founded departments such as Moving Image and Interactive/Media/Design, and designed curricula that foster cross-disciplinary collaboration and critical inquiry. He has delivered lectures and keynotes worldwide and contributed to the image-ontology discourse through participation in research groups and numerous conferences.

His work is widely published, including The Desire of the Medium (2018) and chapters in edited volumes and journals. A former television and film producer, Boumeester continues to bridge theory and practice, offering critical insights into how imaging and technology shape contemporary reality. His research, informed by new materialism, agential realism and affect theory, explores the dynamic interplay between imaging, perception and socio-cultural formations.

References

- - - . "Invisible Rulers: Disinformation and Democracy in the Age of Algorithms." The Guardian, 2024.

- - - . "Iridescence of Perception: A-Signification Through Preemptive Desecration of the Visual Urzustand." In What Images Do!, edited by Henrik Oxvig, 51-63. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 2019. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv34wmsxp.6

- - - . "Postscript on the Societies of Control." October 59 (1992): 3-7.

- - - . "Science Communication as Political Communication." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, Suppl. 4 (2014): 13585-92. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1317516111

- - - . A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia 2. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987.

- - - . Another Science is Possible: A Manifesto for Slow Science. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2018.

- - - . Antifragile: Things That Gain from Disorder. New York: Random House, 2012.

- - - . Assemblage Theory. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2016.

- - - . Body Consciousness: A Philosophy of Mindfulness and Somaesthetics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008

- - - . Cinema 1: The Movement-Image. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986.

- - - . Cinema 2: The Time-Image. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989.

- - - . Difference and Repetition. Translated by Paul Patton. New York: Columbia University Press, 1994

- - - . Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984.

- - - . Feminine Sentences: Essays on Women and Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.

- - - . Francis Bacon: The Logic of Sensation. Translated by Daniel W. Smith. London: Continuum, 2003.

- - - . From Art to Politics: How Artistic Creations Shape Political Conceptions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.

- - - . Image-Music-Text. Translated by Stephen Heath. New York: Hill and Wang, 1977.

- - - . Imagination and Invention. Translated by Joe Hughes and Christophe Wall-Romana. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2022. (Originally published in 1966).

- - - . In Catastrophic Times: Resisting the Coming Barbarism. London: Open Humanities Press, 2015.

- - - . Into the Universe of Technical Images. Translated by Nancy Ann Roth. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011.

- - - . L'Individuation à la Lumière des Notions de Forme et d'Information. Paris: Editions Jérôme Millon, 1958. (English translation: Individuation in Light of Notions of Form and Information, trans. Taylor Adkins. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2020).

- - - . On the Mode of Existence of Technical Objects. Translated by Cecile Malaspina and John Rogove. Minneapolis: Univocal Publishing, 2017.

- - - . Parables for the Virtual: Movement, Affect, Sensation. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002.

- - - . Posthuman Knowledge. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2019.

- - - . Scandal and Silence: Media Responses to Presidential Misconduct. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2012.

- - - . Semblance and Event: Activist Philosophy and the Occurrent Arts. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2011.

- - - . Staying with the Trouble: Making Kin in the Chthulucene. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2016.

- - - . Taking Care of Youth and the Generations. Translated by Stephen Barker. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2010.

- - - . The Arcades Project. Translated by Howard Eiland and Kevin McLaughlin. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.

- - - . The Birth of Biopolitics. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.

- - - . The Companion Species Manifesto: Dogs, People, and Significant Otherness. Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press, 2003.

- - - . The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures. London: SAGE Publications, 1998.

- - - . The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993.

- - - . The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001.

- - - . The Logic of Sense. Translated by Mark Lester with Charles Stivale. London: Continuum, 1990.

- - - . Uniting and Strengthening America by Fulfilling Rights and Ensuring Effective Discipline Over Monitoring (USA FREEDOM) Act of 2015. Public Law 114-23, 2015.

2046. Directed by Wong Kar-Wai. Jet Tone Films, 2004.

Abram, David. The Spell of the Sensuous: Perception and Language in a More-Than-Human World. New York: Pantheon Books, 1996.

ACLU. "The Perilous State of Police Drones." 2020. Retrieved from https://www.aclu.org/.

Adams, M. D., S. E. Celniker, R. A. Holt, et al. "The Genome Sequence of Drosophila melanogaster." Science 287, no. 5461 (2000): 2185-95.

Adams, R. B., and R. E. Kleck. "Perceived Gaze Direction and the Processing of Facial Expressions of Emotion." Psychological Science 14, no. 6 (2010): 644-47. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0956-7976.2003.psci_1479.x

Adolphs, Ralph. "Neural Systems for Recognizing Emotion." Current Opinion in Neurobiology 12, no. 2 (2002): 169-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-4388(02)00301-X

Adorno, T. W., and Max Horkheimer. Dialectic of Enlightenment. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1944.

Ahmed, Sarah. Queer Phenomenology: Orientations, Objects, Others. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822388074

Alexander, Bruce. The Globalization of Addiction: A Study in Poverty of the Spirit. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.

Alhassan, Abdul-Rahman, et al. "Problematic Smartphone Use and Mental Health Among Adolescents: A Systematic Review." BMC Psychiatry 23, no. 4 (2023): 322-34.

Alsalman, Omar, et al. "The Impact of Smartphone Addiction on Sleep Quality: A Systematic Review." PLOS One 18, no. 2 (2023): e0290724. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0290724

Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso, 1983.

Andreassen, Cecilie Schou, et al. "The Relationship Between Addictive Use of Social Media and Video Games and Symptoms of Psychiatric Disorders." Journal of Behavioral Addictions 6, no. 3 (2017): 268-78.

Anholt, Simon. Competitive Identity: The New Brand Management for Nations, Cities, and Regions. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230627727

Appadurai, Arjun. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996.

Arbus, Diane. Diane Arbus: An Aperture Monograph. New York: Aperture Foundation, 1972.

Aristotle. Poetics. Translated by S. H. Butcher.

Ashworth, Gregory, and Mihalis Kavaratzis. Towards Effective Place Brand Management: Branding European Cities and Regions. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2010. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781849806398

Augé, Marc. Non-Places: Introduction to an Anthropology of Supermodernity. London: Verso, 1992.

Balibar, Étienne. We, the People of Europe? Reflections on Transnational Citizenship. Translated by James Swenson. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004.

Ballard, J. G. The Atrocity Exhibition. London: Jonathan Cape, 1970.

Banet-Weiser, Sarah. Empowered: Popular Feminism and Popular Misogyny. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478002772

Barad, Karen. Meeting the Universe Halfway: Quantum Physics and the Entanglement of Matter and Meaning. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2007. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv12101zq

Baron-Cohen, Simon, Alan M. Leslie, and Uta Frith. "Does the Autistic Child Have a 'Theory of Mind'?" Cognition 21, no. 1 (2001): 37-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8

Barth, John. "The Literature of Exhaustion." The Atlantic, 1967

Barthes, Roland. The Pleasure of the Text. New York: Hill and Wang, 1975.

Bataille, Georges. Eroticism. San Francisco: City Lights Publishers, 1986.

Baudelaire, Charles. The Painter of Modern Life. 1863. Reprint, New York: Da Capo Press, 1964.

Baudrillard, Jean. Simulacra and Simulation. Translated by Sheila Faria Glaser. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.9904

Bauman, Zygmunt. Liquid Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2000.

Bavelier, Daphne, and Helen J. Neville. "Cross-Modal Plasticity: Where and How?" Nature Reviews Neuroscience 3, no. 6 (2002): 443-52. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn848

Bayes, Thomas. "An Essay Towards Solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 1763.

BBC. J.G. Ballard: The Future is Just a Minute Away. Directed by James Runcie. 1991.

Beau Travail. Directed by Claire Denis. La Sept-Arte, 1999.

Beck, Ulrich. Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. London: SAGE Publications, 1992.

Beckett, Samuel. Worstward Ho. New York: Grove Press, 1989.

Benjamin, Walter. The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction. Translated by Harry Zohn. New York: Schocken Books, 1968.

Bennett, Jane. Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822391623

Berger, John. Ways of Seeing. London: Penguin Books, 1972.

Berger, Peter L. The Sacred Canopy: Elements of a Sociology of Religion. New York: Anchor Books, 1967.

Berger, Peter L., and Thomas Luckmann. The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. New York: Anchor Books, 1966.

Bergson, Henri. Time and Free Will: An Essay on the Immediate Data of Consciousness. Translated by F. L. Pogson. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1910.

Bhabha, Homi K. The Location of Culture. London: Routledge, 1994.

Bohm, David. "A Suggested Interpretation of the Quantum Theory in Terms of 'Hidden' Variables." Physical Review 85, no. 2 (1952): 166-79. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.85.166

Boltzmann, Ludwig. "Weitere Studien über das Wärmegleichgewicht unter Gasmolekülen." Wiener Berichte 66 (1872): 275-370.

Bonello, Bertrand. The Beast. Les Films du Bélier, 2023.

Boumeester, Marc. The Desire of the Medium. Arnhem: ArtEZ Press, 2017.

Bourdieu, Pierre. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511812507

Bousquet, Joë. Traduit du silence. Paris: Gallimard, 1941.

Braidotti, Rosi. The Posthuman. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013.

Braun, Erik, Mihalis Kavaratzis, and Sebastian Zenker. "My City-My Brand: The Different Roles of Residents in Place Branding." Journal of Place Management and Development 6, no. 1 (2013): 18-28. https://doi.org/10.1108/17538331311306087

Broz, Martin. "Photo Statistics: How Many Photos Are Taken Every Day?" Photutorial. 2024. Retrieved from https://photutorial.com/photos-statistics/.

Burford, B., et al. A Taxonomy of the Image: On the Classification of Content for Image Retrieval. London, Thousand Oaks, CA, and New Delhi: SAGE Publications, 2003.

Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge, 1990.

Cache, Bernard, and Michael Speaks. Earth Moves: The Furnishing of Territories. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995.

Cajochen, Christian, et al. "Evening Exposure to LED-Backlit Computer Screens Affects Circadian Physiology and Cognitive Performance." Journal of Applied Physiology 110, no. 5 (2011): 1432-38. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00165.2011

Calle, Sophie. Suite Vénitienne. Paris: Editions de l'Etoile, 1980.

Calvino, Italo. Le città invisibili [Invisible Cities]. Translated by William Weaver. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1972.

Castells, Manuel. The Rise of the Network Society. Oxford: Blackwell, 1996.

Chang, Ha-Joon. Economics: The User's Guide. New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2014.

Char, René. Feuillets d'Hypnos. Paris: Gallimard, 1946.

Cheskin, Louis. Color for Profit. New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation, 1951.

Chomsky, Noam, and Edward S. Herman. Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media. New York: Pantheon Books, 1988.

Chomsky, Noam. Media Control: The Spectacular Achievements of Propaganda. New York: Seven Stories Press, 2002.

Chun, Wendy Hui Kyong. Discriminating Data: Correlation, Neighborhoods, and the New Politics of Recognition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2021. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/14050.001.0001

Clarke, Jeffrey M., David C. Henderson, and Dost Öngür. Perceptual Distortions in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An Overview. Psychiatry Research 268 (2018): 145-152.

Clarke, Roger. "Information Technology and Dataveillance." Communications of the ACM 31, no. 5 (1988): 498-512. https://doi.org/10.1145/42411.42413

Collins, Patricia Hill. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. New York: Routledge, 1990.

Craig, A. D. "How Do You Feel? Interoception: The Sense of the Physiological Condition of the Body." Nature Reviews Neuroscience 3, no. 8 (2002): 655-66. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn894

Creemers, Rogier. "China's Social Credit System: An Evolving Practice of Control." China Brief 18, no. 4 (2018). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3175792

Crenshaw, Kimberlé. "Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color." Stanford Law Review 43, no. 6 (1991): 1241-99. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039

Darwin, Charles. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. London: John Murray, 1859.

Dawkins, Richard. The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976.

Dean, Jodi. Blog Theory: Feedback and Capture in the Circuits of Drive. Cambridge: Polity, 2010.

Debord, Guy. The Society of the Spectacle. 1967. Reprint, New York: Zone Books, 1994.

DeLanda, Manuel. A New Philosophy of Society: Assemblage Theory and Social Complexity. London: Bloomsbury, 2006.

Deleuze, Gilles, and Félix Guattari. Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia 1. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983.

Deleuze, Gilles. Proust et les signes. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1964.

Dennett, Daniel. Elbow Room: The Varieties of Free Will Worth Wanting. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1984.

Derrida, Jacques. Of Grammatology. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976.

Dewey, John. Art as Experience. New York: Minton, Balch & Company, 1934.

Diderot, Denis. L'esprit de l'escalier. In Œuvres Complètes, 1773-78.

Dijksterhuis, Ap, and Loran F. Nordgren. "A Theory of Unconscious Thought." Perspectives on Psychological Science 1, no. 2 (2006): 95-109. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00007.

DiResta, Renée. "The Supply of Disinformation Will Soon Be Infinite: We Need to Address the Threat of AI-Generated Fake News Before It Gets Out of Control." The Atlantic, 2018.

Duffy, Brooke Erin. (Not) Getting Paid to Do What You Love: Gender, Social Media, and Aspirational Work. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300218176.001.0001

Edelman, Murray. Constructing the Political Spectacle. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.

ElevenLabs. "What Happens When Two AI Voice Assistants Have a Conversation?" ElevenLabs Blog, February 27, 2025. https://elevenlabs.io/blog/what-happens-when-two-ai-voice-assistants-have-a-conversation.

Elhai, Jon D., et al. "Reward System Involvement in Problematic Smartphone Use: A Meta-Analysis." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 103 (2019): 183-97.

Entman, Robert M. "Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm." Journal of Communication 43, no. 4 (1993): 51-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x

European Union. General Data Protection Regulation (EU Regulation 2016/679). Official Journal of the European Union, 2016.

Eurostat. "Data on Third-Country Nationals in the EU." Accessed [date]. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat.

Farb, Norman A. S., Zindel V. Segal, and Adam K. Anderson. Mindfulness Meditation Training Alters Cortical Representations of Interoceptive Attention. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 8, no. 1 (2013): 15-26. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nss066

Fardouly, Jasmine, et al. "Social Comparisons on Social Media: The Impact on Body Image and Mood." Body Image 13, no. 1 (2015): 38-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.12.002

Festinger, Leon. A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1957. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781503620766

Fisher, Mark. Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative? Winchester, UK: Zero Books, 2009

Fletcher, Paul C., and Chris D. Frith. "Perceiving Is Believing: A Bayesian Approach to Explaining the Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia." Nature Reviews Neuroscience 10, no. 1 (2009): 48-58. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2536

Flusser, Vilém. Towards a Philosophy of Photography. Translated by Anthony Mathews. London: Reaktion Books, 2000.

Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Pantheon Books, 1977.

Frampton, Kenneth. "Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance." In Postmodern Culture, edited by Hal Foster. London: Pluto Press, 1983.

Friston, Karl. "The Free-Energy Principle: A Unified Brain Theory?" Nature Reviews Neuroscience 11, no. 2 (2010): 127-38. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2787

Frith, Chris D., and Uta Frith. "The Neural Basis of Mentalizing." Neuron 50, no. 4 (2006): 531-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.05.001

Fuller, R. Buckminster. Critical Path. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1981.

Gallese, Vittorio, Luciano Fadiga, Leonardo Fogassi, and Giacomo Rizzolatti. "Action Recognition in the Premotor Cortex." Brain 119, no. 2 (1996): 593-609. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/119.2.593

Gerbner, George, et al. "Cultivation Analysis: An Overview." Mass Communication & Society 4, no. 3 (2002): 175-94. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.1998.9677855

Gibbs, Richard A., Jeffrey Rogers, Michael G. Katze, et al. "Evolutionary and Biomedical Insights from the Rhesus Macaque Genome." Science 316, no. 5822 (2007): 222-34. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1139247. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1139247

Gibson, James J. The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1979.

Giddens, Anthony. The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.

Gigerenzer, Gerd, and Daniel Kahneman. Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Gigerenzer, Gerd, and Ulrich Hoffrage. "How to Improve Bayesian Reasoning Without Instruction." Psychological Review 102, no. 4 (1995): 684-704. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295X.102.4.684

Gigerenzer, Gerd, Wolfgang Gaissmaier, Elke Kurz-Milcke, Lisa M. Schwartz, and Steven Woloshin. "Helping Doctors and Patients Make Sense of Health Statistics." Psychological Science in the Public Interest 8, no. 2 (2007): 53-96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6053.2008.00033.x

Goffman, Erving. Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. New York: Harper & Row, 1974.

Goodwin-Hawkins, Bryonny. "Dwelling in the Interval: Slowness and Place in a Global Age." Time & Society 28, no. 1 (2019): 185-205.

Greenwald, Glenn. No Place to Hide: Edward Snowden, the NSA, and the U.S. Surveillance State. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2014.

Gregory, Richard L. "Knowledge in Perception and Illusion." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 352, no. 1358 (1997): 1121-27. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1997.0095

Gropius, Walter. Bauhaus Manifesto. 1919. Reprinted in The Bauhaus: Weimar, Dessau, Berlin, Chicago, edited by Hans M. Wingler. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1969.

Guattari, Félix. Chaosmosis: An Ethico-Aesthetic Paradigm. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995.

Hacking, Ian. The Taming of Chance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511819766

Halberstam, Jack. In a Queer Time and Place: Transgender Bodies, Subcultural Lives. New York: NYU Press, 2005.

Hall, Stuart. "Encoding/Decoding." In Culture, Media, Language: Working Papers in Cultural Studies, 1972-79, edited by Stuart Hall et al., 128-38. London: Routledge, 1980.

Hansen, Mark B. N. Bodies in Code: Interfaces with Digital Media. London: Routledge, 2006.

Haraway, Donna J. Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. London: Routledge, 1991.

Harvey, David. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199283262.001.0001

Haverkamp, Michaela. Synesthetic Design: Handbook for a Multi-Sensory Approach. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783034611688

Hayles, N. Katherine. How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226321394.001.0001

Heidegger, Martin. The Question Concerning Technology and Other Essays. New York: Harper & Row, 1977.

Hickel, Jason. The Divide: A Brief Guide to Global Inequality and Its Solutions. London: Windmill Books, 2018.

Hitchcock, Henry-Russell, and Philip Johnson. The International Style: Architecture Since 1922. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1932.

Howes, Oliver D., and Mohamed M. Nour. "Dopamine and the Aberrant Salience Hypothesis of Schizophrenia." World Psychiatry 15, no. 1 (2016): 3-4. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20276

In a Year of 13 Moons. Directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder. Tango Film, 1978.

In the Mood for Love. Directed by Wong Kar-Wai. Block 2 Pictures, 2000.

Ingold, Tim. Being Alive: Essays on Movement, Knowledge and Description. London: Routledge, 2011. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203818336

Iyengar, Shanto. Is Anyone Responsible? How Television Frames Political Issues. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226388533.001.0001

Jansson, Johan, and Dominic Power. "The Image of the City: Urban Branding as Constructed Capabilities in Nordic City Regions." Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography 88, no. 2 (2006): 227-41.

Jencks, Charles. The Language of Post-Modern Architecture. New York: Rizzoli, 1977.

Jenike, Michael A. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Current Insights into Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 37, no. 4 (2003): 24-37.

Kabat-Zinn, Jon. Coming to Our Senses: Healing Ourselves and the World Through Mindfulness. New York: Hyperion, 2005.

Kahneman, Daniel, and Amos Tversky. "Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases." Science 185, no. 4157 (1974): 1124-31. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.185.4157.1124

Kahneman, Daniel. Thinking, Fast and Slow. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011.

Kapur, Shitij. "Psychosis as a State of Aberrant Salience: A Framework Linking Biology, Phenomenology, and Pharmacology in Schizophrenia." American Journal of Psychiatry 160, no. 1 (2003): 13-23. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.13

Keles, Betul, et al. "A Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between Social Media Use and Depression and Anxiety in Adolescents." Journal of Affective Disorders 276 (2020): 63-72.

King, Mary-Claire, and Allan C. Wilson. "Evolution at Two Levels in Humans and Chimpanzees." Science 188, no. 4184 (1975): 107-16. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1090005

Kittler, Friedrich. Gramophone, Film, Typewriter. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999.

Koolhaas, Rem. S,M,L,XL. New York: Monacelli Press, 1998.

Kosslyn, Stephen M. Image and Brain: The Resolution of the Imagery Debate. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/3653.001.0001

Krauss, Rosalind. "Sculpture in the Expanded Field." October 8 (1979): 30-44. https://doi.org/10.2307/778224

L'Année dernière à Marienbad. Directed by Alain Resnais. Cineriz, 1961.

La Jetée. Directed by Chris Marker. Argos Films, 1962.

Lakoff, George. Don't Think of an Elephant: Know Your Values and Frame the Debate. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2004.

Lang, Jack. Quoted in multiple media contexts; originally an address in Berlin, 2001.

Laplace, Pierre-Simon. Philosophical Essay on Probabilities. 1814.

Leone, Maria J., and Mariano Sigman. "Effects of Sleep Deprivation on the Academic Performance of Adolescents." Trends in Neuroscience and Education 21 (2020): 100138.

Les Amants du Pont-Neuf. Directed by Leos Carax. Films A2, 1991.

Les Rencontres d'après minuit. Directed by Yann Gonzalez. Les Films du Bal, 2013.

Lewis, Marc. The Biology of Desire: Why Addiction Is Not a Disease. New York: PublicAffairs, 2015.

Lewontin, Richard C. The Genetic Basis of Evolutionary Change. New York: Columbia University Press, 1974

Liu, Wei, and Hua Cui. "Perceptual Design Method Research in Product Design." E3S Web of Conferences 179 (2020): 02052. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017902052

Lyon, David. Surveillance Society: Monitoring Everyday Life. Maidenhead, UK: Open University Press, 2001.

Lyotard, Jean-François. The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. Translated by Geoff Bennington and Brian Massumi. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984. https://doi.org/10.2307/1772278

Malnar, Joy Monice, and Frank Vodvarka. Sensory Design. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004.

Mandelbrot, Benoit. The Fractal Geometry of Nature. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1982.

Manovich, Lev. The Language of New Media. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001.

Margulis, Lynn. Symbiosis in Cell Evolution: Microbial Communities in the Archean and Proterozoic Eons. 2nd ed. New York: W. H. Freeman, 1993.

Marwick, Alice E. Status Update: Celebrity, Publicity, and Branding in the Social Media Age. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2013.

Massumi, Brian. A User's Guide to Capitalism and Schizophrenia: Deviations from Deleuze and Guattari. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992.

Mayr, Ernst. Evolution and the Diversity of Life: Selected Essays. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976.

McLuhan, Marshall. Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964.

McRobbie, Angela. Feminism and the Politics of "Resilience." Cambridge: Polity Press, 2020.

Megalopolis. Directed by Francis Ford Coppola. 2023.

Mehrabian, Albert. Silent Messages: Implicit Communication of Emotions and Attitudes. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1971.

Merabet, Lotfi B., and Alvaro Pascual-Leone. "Neural Reorganization Following Sensory Loss: The Opportunity of Change." Nature Reviews Neuroscience 11, no. 1 (2010): 44-52. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2758

Merleau-Ponty, Maurice. Phenomenology of Perception. Translated by Colin Smith. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1945.

Metz, Christian. Film Language: A Semiotics of the Cinema. New York: Oxford University Press, 1974.

Migration Policy Institute. "Data on U.S. Immigration." 2022. www.migrationpolicy.org.

Mitchell, W. J. T. What Do Pictures Want? The Lives and Loves of Images. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226245904.001.0001

Montague, Michael J., Guojie Li, Bastien Gandolfi, et al. "Comparative Analysis of the Domestic Cat Genome Reveals Genetic Signatures Underlying Feline Biology and Domestication." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 48 (2014): 17230-35. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1410083111

Morton, Timothy. Ecology Without Nature: Rethinking Environmental Aesthetics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007.

Mulholland Drive. Directed by David Lynch. Universal Pictures, 2001.

Mylio. "How Many Photos Are Taken in 2022?" Mylio News. 2022. Retrieved from https://news.mylio.com.

Næss, Arne. "The Shallow and the Deep, Long-Range Ecology Movement: A Summary." Inquiry 16, nos. 1-4 (1973): 95-100 https://doi.org/10.1080/00201747308601682

Nietzsche, Friedrich. The Gay Science. Translated by Walter Kaufmann. New York: Vintage Books, 1974.

Nieuwenhuys, Constant. New Babylon: Aan ons de vrijheid. The Hague: Haags Gemeentemuseum, 1974.

Nieuwenhuys, Constant. New Babylon: Studies for a Human Habitat. The Hague: Gemeentemuseum, 1974.

Noble, Safiya Umoja. Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism. New York: NYU Press, 2018. https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479833641.001.0001

Noë, Alva. Action in Perception. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2004.

Norman, Donald A. Emotional Design: Why We Love (or Hate) Everyday Things. New York: Basic Books, 2004.

O'Connor, Akira R., and Chris J. A. Moulin. "Recognition Without Identification, Erroneous Familiarity, and Déjà Vu." Current Psychiatry Reports 12, no. 3 (2010): 165-73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-010-0119-5

Pallasmaa, Juhani. The Eyes of the Skin: Architecture and the Senses. London: John Wiley & Sons, 1996.

Parikka, Jussi. A Geology of Media. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5749/minnesota/9780816695515.001.0001

Pariser, Eli. The Filter Bubble: How the New Personalized Web Is Changing What We Read and How We Think. New York: Penguin Press, 2011.

Parsons, Deborah. Streetwalking the Metropolis: Women, the City, and Modernity. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198186823.001.0001

Pearl, Judea. Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Pell, Michael S., Stefan Paulmann, Sid Kousta, and Marc Brysbaert. "The Processing of Emotional Tone of Voice in Speech: A Cross-Language Study." Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 33, no. 1 (2009): 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-008-0065-7

Perec, Georges. An Attempt at Exhausting a Place in Paris. Translated by Philip Currie. Cambridge, MA: Wakefield Press, 2010.

Plato. The Republic.

Plomin, Robert. Blueprint: How DNA Makes Us Who We Are. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2018.

Pollock, Griselda. Vision and Difference: Feminism, Femininity and Histories of Art. London: Routledge, 1988.

Portes, Alejandro. Immigrant America: A Portrait. 4th ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520959156

Postman, Neil. Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business. New York: Viking, 1985.

Proust, Marcel. À la recherche du temps perdu. Paris: Gallimard, 1913-27.

Puig de la Bellacasa, María. Matters of Care: Speculative Ethics in More than Human Worlds. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2753906700002096

Raban, Jonathan. Soft City. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1988.

Radman, Andrej, and Marc Boumeester. "The Impredicative City: or What Can a Boston Square Do?" In Deleuze and the City, edited by Hélène Frichot, Catherine Gabrielsson, and Joel Metzger. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2016.

Rancière, Jacques. The Future of the Image. Translated by Gregory Elliott. London: Verso, 2007.

Ratto, Matt, and Megan Boler, eds. DIY Citizenship: Critical Making and Social Media. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2014. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9568.001.0001

Said, Edward. Orientalism. New York: Pantheon Books, 1978.

Samaha, Maya, and Nasri S. Hawi. "Relationships Among Smartphone Addiction, Stress, Academic Performance, and Satisfaction with Life." Computers in Human Behavior 57 (2016): 321-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.045

Sassen, Saskia. Globalization and Its Discontents: Essays on the New Mobility of People and Money. New York: The New Press, 1998.

Scheffler, Karl. Berlin: Ein Stadtschicksal. Berlin: Fischer, 1910.

Scheufele, Dietram A. "Framing as a Theory of Media Effects." Journal of Communication 49, no. 1 (1999): 103-22. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/49.1.103

Schifferstein, Hendrik N. J., and Paul Hekkert, eds. Product Experience. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008045089-6.50008-3

Sennett, Richard. The Corrosion of Character: The Personal Consequences of Work in the New Capitalism. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1998.

Shannon, Claude E. "A Mathematical Theory of Communication." Bell System Technical Journal 27, no. 3 (1948): 379-423. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x

Shaviro, Steven. Without Criteria: Kant, Whitehead, Deleuze, and Aesthetics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2009. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/7870.001.0001

Shiva, Vandana. Biopiracy: The Plunder of Nature and Knowledge. Boston: South End Press, 1997.

Shusterman, Richard. "Somaesthetics: A Disciplinary Proposal." The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 57, no. 3 (1999): 299-313. https://doi.org/10.2307/432196

Simondon, Gilbert. Du Mode d'Existence des Objets Techniques. Paris: Aubier, 1958. (English translation: On the Mode of Existence of Technical Objects, trans. Ninian Mellamphy. London, Ontario: University of Western Ontario, 1980).

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM). See selected projects at www.som.com.

Skinner, B. F. Science and Human Behavior. New York: Macmillan, 1953.

Smays. "How Many Pictures Have Been Taken Throughout History?" Smays, 2024. Retrieved from https://smays.com.

Smith, Daniel W. Essays on Deleuze. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2018.

Snowden, Edward. Permanent Record. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2019.

Solnit, Rebecca. A Field Guide to Getting Lost. New York: Viking, 2005.

Sornette, Didier. Why Stock Markets Crash: Critical Events in Complex Financial Systems. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003.

Spinoza, Benedict. Ethics. 1677.

Standing, Guy. The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class. London: Bloomsbury, 2011. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781849664554

Stengers, Isabelle. Penser avec Whitehead: Une libre et sauvage création de concepts. Paris: Gallimard, 2002. (English translation: Thinking with Whitehead: A Free and Wild Creation of Concepts, trans. Michael Chase. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011).

Stern, Daniel N. The Interpersonal World of the Infant: A View from Psychoanalysis and Developmental Psychology. New York: Basic Books, 1985.

Stiegler, Bernard. Technics and Time, 1: The Fault of Epimetheus. Translated by Richard Beardsworth and George Collins. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781503616738

Taleb, Nassim Nicholas. The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable. New York: Random House, 2007.

Teasdale, Sara. "There Will Come Soft Rains." Harper's Monthly Magazine, July 1918. Reprinted in Flame and Shadow. New York: Macmillan, 1920.

The Double Life of Véronique. Directed by Krzysztof Kieślowski. Sidéral Productions, 1991.

The Social Dilemma. Directed by Jeff Orlowski. Exposure Labs, 2020. Netflix.

The Truman Show. Directed by Peter Weir. Paramount Pictures, 1998.

The Watermelon Woman. Directed by Cheryl Dunye. First Run Features, 1996.

Thelen, Esther, and Linda B. Smith. A Dynamic Systems Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/2524.001.0001

They Live. Directed by John Carpenter. Universal Pictures, 1988.

Tressoldi, Patrizio E. "Extraordinary Claims Require Extraordinary Evidence: The Case of Non-Local Perception, a Classical and Bayesian Review of Evidences." Frontiers in Psychology 2 (2011): 117. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00117

Triggs, Teal. Fanzines: The DIY Revolution. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 2010.

Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt. The Mushroom at the End of the World: On the Possibility of Life in Capitalist Ruins. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015 https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400873548

Tversky, Amos, and Daniel Kahneman. "Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases." Science 185, no. 4157 (1974): 1124-31. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.185.4157.1124

Tyson, Neil deGrasse. Death by Black Hole: And Other Cosmic Quandaries. New York: W.W. Norton, 2007.

U.S. Congress. Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT) Act of 2001. Public Law 107-56, 2001.

Uddin, Lucina Q. Salience Processing and Insular Cortical Function and Dysfunction. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 16, no. 1 (2015): 55-61. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3857

Urry, John. The Tourist Gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies. London: Sage, 1990.

Varela, Francisco J., Evan Thompson, and Eleanor Rosch. The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/6730.001.0001

Vitevitch, Michael S., and N. P. Luce. "Phonotactics, Neighborhoods, and Word Recognition." Memory & Cognition 26, no. 5 (1998): 1092-1102.

Von Foerster, Heinz. Observing Systems. Seaside, CA: Intersystems Publications, 1984.

Wald, Abraham. A Method of Estimating Plane Vulnerability Based on Damage of Survivors. New York: Statistical Research Group, Columbia University, 1943.

Wallisch, Pascal. "Top-Down Processes in Visual Perception: Lessons from 'The Dress.'" Scientific Reports, 2017.

Wang, Hailey, et al. "Social Media and Emerging Adulthood: The Impact on Prosocial Behavior." Emerging Adulthood 12, no. 1 (2024): 17-29.

Warner, Michael. The Trouble with Normal: Sex, Politics, and the Ethics of Queer Life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.

Whitehead, Alfred North. Process and Reality. New York: Macmillan, 1929. Corrected edition, edited by David Ray Griffin and Donald W. Sherburne. New York: Free Press, 1978.

Wiener, Norbert. Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1948.

Winiwarter, Verena. "Landschaft auf Vierfarbkarton." Zolltexte 10, no. 35 (2000): 48-52.

Wolff, Janet. "The Invisible Flâneuse: Women and the Literature of Modernity." Theory, Culture & Society, 1985. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276485002003005

Zielinski, Siegfried. Deep Time of the Media: Toward an Archaeology of Hearing and Seeing by Technical Means. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006.

Zuboff, Shoshana. The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. New York: PublicAffairs, 2019.

Abstract image of a stack of polaroids

Published

October 16, 2025

Data Availability Statement

Open data – research data supporting this publication
are available from the bibliography.

License

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Details about the available publication format: View PDF

View PDF

ISBN-13 (15)

978-94-6518-150-9

Publication date (01)

2025-10-16

How to Cite

Boumeester, M. (2025). The Image By Proxy: Mass-Microimaging and the Epistemology of Platform-Capitalism. TU Delft OPEN Books. https://doi.org/10.59490/mt.233