A Vertical Future: eVTOL Insights, Challenges, and Directions from DICUAM (2022-2026)

Authors

Daniele Ragni (ed), Department of Flow Physics and Technology, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands; Sen Wang (ed), School of Civil, Aerospace, and Design Engineering, University of Bristol, United Kingdom; Riccardo Zamponi (ed), Environmental and Applied Fluid Dynamics Department, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, Belgium; Ottavio Pedretti (ed), Department of Architecture and Urban Studies, Politecnico di Milano, Italy; Francesca Monteleone (ed), Department of Architecture and Urban Studies, Politecnico di Milano, Italy; Luca Abergo (ed), Department of Aerospace Science and Technology, Politecnico di Milano, Italy; Manuel Casablanca (ed), Department of Industrial Engineering, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Andrea Mangrini (ed), Department of Industrial Engineering, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Enrique Aldao Pensado (ed), AEROLAB, Institute of Physics, Computation, and Aerospace Science, University of Vigo, Spain; Kangni Combey (ed), School of Aerospace and Automotive Engineering, International University of Rabat, Morocco; Omer Ali Elsayed (ed), School of Aerospace and Automotive Engineering, International University of Rabat, Morocco; Bernd Bassimir (ed), Institute of Flight Guidance, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Germany; Bianca Isabella Schuchardt (ed), Institute of Flight Guidance, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Germany; Marilena Pavel (ed), Department of Control and Operations, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands; Ansgar Kirste (ed), Institute of Aerospace Systems, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
DOI: https://doi.org/10.59490/mt.269

Keywords:

urban air mobility, eVTOL, rotor aeroacoustics, propeller aerodynamics, vertiport design and operations, U-space

Synopsis

The Delft International Conference on Urban Air Mobility (DICUAM) brought together researchers and industry practitioners between 2022 and 2026 around a single organizing question: what will it take for electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft to operate safely, quietly, and acceptably over cities?

The question is no longer whether electric vertical flights are technically feasible. Prototypes are airborne, certification programs are underway in the United States, Europe, and Asia, and the fundamental physics of distributed electric propulsion are well understood. What remains open and contested is integration: how eVTOL operations are woven into existing airspace, urban infrastructure, and community life. The acceptance of urban air mobility by communities and regulators depends on silent overflights, safe operations, and fares that make the service genuinely accessible rather than a premium curiosity.

The use cases are identifiable. Urban air mobility can bypass road congestion across large metropolitan areas, link underserved districts to employment centers, shorten trips to hospitals and emergency sites, and connect islands and mountain communities where surface infrastructure is thin or absent. It can deploy rapid first responses at disaster sites. None of these benefits arrive automatically. The costs are real: noise overhead, new structures on rooftops and transport hubs, added risk, and regulatory frameworks that must be built from scratch. Whether urban air mobility becomes a useful piece of urban infrastructure or an unwanted intrusion depends as much on the choices made by aircraft designers, aerodynamicists, acousticians, urban planners, and policymakers as well as on the aircraft themselves.

DICUAM was designed to keep those disciplines in conversation. Its editions connected researchers in rotor aerodynamics and aeroacoustics with specialists in flight operations, air traffic management, control engineering, and urban planning, alongside the industry pioneers who are building these vehicles and the operational systems around them.

This book does not reproduce the conference proceedings. It organizes the contributions by theme so that the collective knowledge reads as a coherent argument rather than a sequence of papers. The chapters cover vehicle design and common reference models, propeller aerodynamics at low Reynolds numbers, aerodynamic and aeroacoustic interaction effects, novel rotor concepts, urban noise prediction, vertiport design and localization, and airspace operations including U-space integration and autonomous conflict resolution.

The book serves two readerships. Scientists and engineers will find methods, benchmarks, and results across all these domains; the chapters are written to be technically self-contained. Policymakers, planners, and infrastructure owners will find in each chapter, and especially in the closing one, a plain account of what technology can do today, what remains uncertain, and which decisions are theirs to make.

A caution on timescale is warranted. The fields covered here move quickly, and some technical specifications, particularly around battery energy density, vehicle autonomy, and early regulatory frameworks, may evolve before this volume reaches all its readers. However, a vertical future will not be delivered by technology alone. It is a decision that cities, communities, and regions will make.

This book is intended to inform that decision.

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Author Biographies

Daniele Ragni, Department of Flow Physics and Technology, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands

Daniele Ragni leads the Aeroacoustics group at the Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, where he is Associate Professor. He graduated from the Polytechnic University of Marche (2007) and received his PhD from TU Delft (2012). His research covers rotor and propeller noise, trailing-edge noise, permeable surface treatments, and experimental aeroacoustics. He is principal investigator of the ERC Consolidator project MORASINA, which sponsors DICUAM.

Sen Wang, School of Civil, Aerospace, and Design Engineering, University of Bristol, United Kingdom

Sen Wang is a Lecturer in Aerospace Engineering at the School of Civil, Aerospace, and Design Engineering, University of Bristol. The research covers experimental wing aerodynamics, active flow control, and the performance and noise of multirotor and coaxial propeller systems for urban air mobility. Sen Wang also co-developed the DICUAM common reference vehicles for urban air mobility.

Riccardo Zamponi, Environmental and Applied Fluid Dynamics Department, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, Belgium

Riccardo Zamponi is an Assistant Professor in the Environmental and Applied Fluid Dynamics Department of the von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, Belgium. He received his PhD from TU Delft (2021) for work on turbulence–surface interaction noise and its reduction with porous materials. His research focuses on the prediction of turbulence-ingestion and interaction noise in rotors.

Ottavio Pedretti, Department of Architecture and Urban Studies, Politecnico di Milano, Italy

Ottavio Pedretti is an architect and PhD candidate in the Department of Architecture and Urban Studies at Politecnico di Milano. His professional experience includes work with SANAA. His research addresses how innovative air mobility, and vertiports in particular, can be integrated into existing cities through architectural design.

Francesca Monteleone, Department of Architecture and Urban Studies, Politecnico di Milano, Italy

Francesca Monteleone is an architect and PhD candidate in the Department of Architecture and Urban Studies at Politecnico di Milano, and a guest PhD researcher in the Complex Projects group at TU Delft. Her research focuses on urban air mobility, architectures of mobility, infrastructure, and urban form.

Luca Abergo, Department of Aerospace Science and Technology, Politecnico di Milano, Italy

Luca Abergo works in the Department of Aerospace Science and Technology at Politecnico di Milano. His work concerns the conceptual design and mid-fidelity aerodynamic analysis of eVTOL aircraft, including the lift-plus-cruise configuration of the DICUAM common reference model.

Manuel Casablanca, Department of Industrial Engineering, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy

Manuel Casablanca works in the Department of Industrial Engineering at the University of Padova. His research addresses the aerodynamic design and optimization of propellers for eVTOL aircraft, from blade element momentum methods to RANS-based body-force models for installed propellers.

Andrea Mangrini, Department of Industrial Engineering, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy

Andrea Magrini works in the Department of Industrial Engineering at the University of Padova. His research spans propulsion and turbomachinery, boundary-layer-ingesting propulsors, propeller aerodynamics, and multi-fidelity design optimization, with applications to urban air mobility.

Enrique Aldao Pensado, AEROLAB, Institute of Physics, Computation, and Aerospace Science, University of Vigo, Spain

Enrique Aldao Pensado is an Assistant Professor at the School of Aeronautical and Space Engineering, University of Vigo, and a member of AEROLAB. He received his PhD from the University of Vigo (2025) for work on detect-and-avoid and obstacle-avoidance protocols for advanced air mobility.

Kangni Combey, School of Aerospace and Automotive Engineering, International University of Rabat, Morocco

Kangni Combey works at the School of Aerospace and Automotive Engineering, International University of Rabat (LERMA laboratory), Morocco. The research focuses on multirotor aerodynamic and aeroacoustic interactions and novel propeller concepts such as toroidal joined-blade-tip propellers.

Omer Ali Elsayed, School of Aerospace and Automotive Engineering, International University of Rabat, Morocco

Omer Ali Elsayed is Professor at the School of Aerospace and Automotive Engineering, International University of Rabat (LERMA laboratory), Morocco. The research focuses on rotor and multirotor aerodynamics, including aerodynamic interactions in hover, transition, and forward flight.

Bernd Bassimir, Institute of Flight Guidance, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Germany

Bernd Bassimir works at the Institute of Flight Guidance of the German Aerospace Center (DLR), Braunschweig. The work addresses vertiport operations, including arrival and departure scheduling, flight procedures, and capacity assessment for innovative air mobility.

Bianca Isabella Schuchardt, Institute of Flight Guidance, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Germany

Bianca Isabella Schuchardt works at the Institute of Flight Guidance of the German Aerospace Center (DLR), Braunschweig. The work focuses on vertidrome management, the integration of vertiport operations into U-space and the wider airspace, and concepts for innovative air mobility control centers.

Marilena Pavel, Department of Control and Operations, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands

Marilena Pavel is Full Professor in the Department of Control and Operations, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, TU Delft. Her research covers rotorcraft and eVTOL flight dynamics, handling qualities, and simulation fidelity. She led the qualification and certification work for the PAL-V ONE flying car and spent a sabbatical at NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center.

Ansgar Kirste, Institute of Aerospace Systems, RWTH Aachen University, Germany

Ansgar Kirste works at the Institute of Aerospace Systems, RWTH Aachen University. The research uses agent-based simulation and multidisciplinary optimization to study urban air mobility fleet operations, eVTOL cost models, demand, and profitability across metropolitan regions.

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Ragni, D., Wang, S., Zamponi, R., Pedretti, O., Monteleone, F., Abergo, L., Casablanca, M., Mangrini, A., Aldao Pensado, E., Combey, K., Elsayed, O. A., Bassimir, B., Schuchardt, B. I., Pavel, M., & Kirste, A. (Eds.). (2026). A Vertical Future: eVTOL Insights, Challenges, and Directions from DICUAM (2022-2026). TU Delft OPEN Books. https://doi.org/10.59490/mt.269