Towards Improved Flood Defences: Five Years of All-Risk Research into the New Safety Standards
Synopsis
Without our dikes and dunes, 60% of the Netherlands would flood on a regular basis. This area is home to 9 million people.
The latest report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, February 2022) underlines the importance of reinforcing water safety. Sea levels are rising and extreme weather is becoming increasingly common. The Flood Protection Programme, the largest Dutch water safety operation since the Delta Works, will help us minimise the likelihood of flooding.
New knowledge and innovation are urgently needed The Dutch dikes have stood firm for more than 1,000 years. After disasters in 1916 and 1953, storm surge barriers and dams have been added to the network of protective dikes. Following the floods in 1993 and 1995, the Room for the River programme was implemented. New knowledge of flood risks led to the introduction of new, often stricter standards for flood defences in 2017.
Funder: NWO Domain Applied and Engineering Sciences P15-21.
Downloads
References
Chapter 1
Expertise Netwerk Waterveiligheid [ENW] (2020). Naar geloofwaardige
overstromingskansen. https://www.enwinfo.nl/publish/pages/
/enw-20-01b-achtergrondrapportage-naar-geloofwaardige-
overstromingskansen-dv.pdf
Jonkman, S. N., Slager, K., Moll, R., van den Hurk, B., Rongen, G., Strijker,
B., Pol, J.C., Kok, M., Kolen, B., Rikkert, S.J.H., Schlumberger, J., van
Haren, M. & Wüthrich, D. (2021). Hoogwater 2021: Feiten en Duiding.
Expertise Netwerk Waterveiligheid. Doi: 10.4233/uuid:06b03772-ebe0-
-9c4d-7c1593fb094e
Klijn, F., ten Brinke, W., Asselman, N. & Mosselman, E. (n.d.). Het Verhaal
van de Rivier: een eerste versie. Deltares/Rijkswaterstaat. https://edepot.
wur.nl/460187
Slager, K., de Moel, H., & de Jong, J.. (2021). Maximum flood extents Limburg
floods July 2021 (Version 1). 4TU.ResearchData. Doi: 10.4121/16817389.v1
Rijkswaterstaat (2019). Programmaplan BOI 2020-2023. https://www.
helpdeskwater.nl/publish/pages/178471/programmaplan_boi_1.pdf
Chapter 2
Interagency Performance Evaluation Task Force [IPET] (U.S.) & United
States (Eds.) (2006). Performance evaluation of the New Orleans and
Southeast Louisiana hurricane protection system: Draft final report
of the Interagency Performance Evaluation Task Force [Electronic resource].
US Army Corps of Engineers. https://ipet.wes.army.mil
Kok, M., Jongejan, R., Nieuwjaar, M., Tánczos, I. (2017). Fundamentals
of Flood Protection. Expertise Network for Flood Protection (ENW).
https://www.enwinfo.nl/publicaties
Pol, J.C., Kanning, W., & Jonkman, S.N. (2021). Temporal Development
of Backward Erosion Piping in a Large-Scale Experiment. Journal of
Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 147(2). Doi: 10.1061/
(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002415
TU Delft. (2021, December 18). SAFELevee. https://www.tudelft.nl/citg/
over-faculteit/afdelingen/hydraulic-engineering/sections/hydraulicstructures-
and-flood-risk/research/safelevee-project
van Beek, V.M. (2015). Backward erosion piping: Initiation and progression
[Doctoral thesis, Delft University of Technology]. Doi: 10.4233/
uuid:4b3ff166-b487-4f55-a710-2a2e00307311
van der Krogt, M.G., Klerk, W.J., Kanning, W., Schweckendiek, T. & Kok, M.
(2020). Value of information of combinations of proof loading and pore
pressure monitoring for flood defences. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering,
(4), 505-520. Doi: 10.1080/15732479.2020.1857794
VNK Project Office [Rijkswaterstaat] (2015). The national Flood Risk Analysis
for the Netherlands. https://www.helpdeskwater.nl/onderwerpen/waterveiligheid/
programma-projecten/veiligheid-nederland/publicaties/
Weichel, T. (2013). “Failure of the Breitenhagen levee (2013).” Drone Film
Breitenhagen: Landesbetrieb für Hochwasserschutz und Wasserwirtschaft
Sachsen-Anhalt.
Chapter 3
Möller, I., Kudella, M., Rupprecht, F. et al. (2014). Wave attenuation over
coastal salt marshes under storm surge conditions. Nature Geosci 7,
–731. Doi: 10.1038/ngeo2251
Rondags, drs. E.J.N. (RAAP) (2019): Lent zones K en L, archeologisch dijkonderzoek,
gemeente Nijmegen. DANS. Doi: 10.17026/dans-ze9-ars8
Silvis, F. (1991). Verificatie Piping Model; Proeven in de Deltagoot. Evaluatierapport.
Rapport Grondmechanica Delft, CO317710/7.
Temmink, R.J.M., Angelini, C., Fivash, G.S., Swart, L., Nouta, R., Teunis, M.,
Lengkeek, W., Didderen, K., Lamers, L.P.M., Bouma, T.J. & van der Heide, T.
(2021). Life cycle informed restoration: Engineering settlement substrate
material characteristics and structural complexity for reef formation.
Journal of Applied Ecology, 58(10), 2158-2170. Doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.13968
Vuik, V., Jonkman, S. N., Borsje, B. W., & Suzuki, T. (2016). Nature-based
flood protection: The efficiency of vegetated foreshores for reducing
wave loads on coastal dikes. Coastal Engineering, 116, 42–56. Doi:
1016/j.coastaleng.2016.06.001
Willemsen, P. W. J. M., Borsje, B. W., Vuik, V., Bouma, T. J., & Hulscher, S.
J. M. H. (2020). Field-based decadal wave attenuating capacity of combined
tidal flats and salt marshes. Coastal Engineering, 156, 103628.
Doi: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2019.103628
Zhu Z., Vuik. V., Visser, P.J., Soens, T., van Wesenbeeck, B., van de Koppel,
J., Jonkman, S.N., Temmerman, S. & Bouma, T.J. (2020). Historic storms
and the hidden value of coastal wetlands for nature-based flood defence.
Nature Sustainability 3; 853-862. Doi: 10.1038/s41893-020-0556-z
Chapter 4
van Beek, V.M. (2015). Backward erosion piping: Initiation and progression
[Doctoral thesis, Delft University of Technology]. Doi: 10.4233/
uuid:4b3ff166-b487-4f55-a710-2a2e00307311
Gouw, M.J.P. (2017). Alluvial architecture of fluvio-deltaic successions: a
review with special reference to Holocene settings. Netherlands Journal
of Geosciences, 86(3), 211-227. Doi: 10.1017/S0016774600077817
Huismans, Y., Van Velzen, G., Mahoney, T.S.D.O., Hoffmans, G. & Wiersma,
A.P. (2016). Scour hole development in river beds with mixed sandclay-
peat stratigraphy. In: ICSE 2016, 8th Int. Conf. on Scour and Erosion,
-15 September 2016, Oxford, UK.
Knaake, S.M., Straatsma, M.W., Huismans, Y., Cohen, K.M., Stouthamer,
E. & Middelkoop, H. (2019). The influence of subsurface heterogeneity
on scour hole development in the Rhine-Meuse delta, the Netherlands.
NCR Abstract.
Rijkswaterstaat (2017). Beoordelingsinstrumentarium (WBI2017). https://
www.helpdeskwater.nl/onderwerpen/waterveiligheid/primaire/
beoordelen/beoordelingsinstrumentarium-wbi2017-0/
Chapter 5
Calle, E.O.F. & Knoeff, J.G. (2002). Dijkdoorbraakprocessen: Beschrijving,
doorbraakprocessen en reststerkte (GeoDelft-report 720201/39).
Delft Cluster. http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:d3a25bfd-afd3-4519-9b07-
cafc
EurOtop, 2018. Manual on wave overtopping of sea defences and related
structures. An overtopping manual largely based on European
research, but for worldwide application. Van der Meer, J.W., Allsop,
N.W.H., Bruce, T., De Rouck, J., Kortenhaus, A., Pullen, T., Schüttrumpf,
H., Troch, P. & Zanuttigh, B., www.overtopping-manual.com.
Grubert, P. (2013). Saaledeich bei Breitenhagen, Geotechnische Untersuchungen
der Bruchstelle, Empfehlungen zur Sanierung. Gesellschaft
für Grundbau und Umwelttechnik mbH, Magdeburg
Hoffmans, G.J.C.M. (2014). Erosiebestendigheid Overgangen: Validatie
Engineering Tools (Deltares report 1209437-003). Deltares. https://
repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3Ac77cec99-4c56-4412-
de-458c3ddc9e50
Jüpner, R., Brauneck, J. & Pohl, R. (2015). Einsatz von Drohnen im Hochwasserfall
– Erfahrungen und Ideen. WasserWirtschaft 9(2015), 49-54.
Man, C. (2021). Visualization of the Random Material Point Method for
macro-instability [Master Thesis, Delft University of Technology].
http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:9d24b208-9d5a-4bff-bfca-9ebb87347ee0
Remmerswaal, G., Vardon, P.J., Hicks, M.A. (2021). Evaluating residual
dyke resistance using the Random Material Point Method. Computers
and Geotechnics 133(2021), 104034. Doi: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2021.104034
Robbins, B.A. & Sharp M.K. (2016). Incorporating Uncertainty into Backward
Erosion Piping Risk Assessments. E3S Web Conf., 7 (2016) 03007.
Doi: 10.1051/e3sconf/20160703007
TAW, (2002). Wave Run-up and Wave Overtopping at Dikes (Technical
Report). Written by Van der Meer, J.W. The Technical Advisory Committee
on Flood Defence. http://www.overtopping-manual.com/assets/
downloads/TRRunupOvertopping.pdf
Weichel, T. (2013). “Failure of the Breitenhagen levee (2013).” Drone Film
Breitenhagen: Landesbetrieb für Hochwasserschutz und Wasserwirtschaft
Sachsen-Anhalt.
Chapter 6
Province of Gelderland (2019). Ga voor de Grebbedijk Nota Voorkeursalternatief.
https://www.grebbedijk.com/kennisbank/200416_grebbedijk_
adviesnota-vka_incl_bijlagen_v3.pdf
Roode, N., Maaskant, B., Boon, M. (2019). Handreiking Voorlanden. Projectoverstijgende
Verkenning Voorlanden.
STOWA (2017). DeltaFacts: Meerlaagsveiligheid in de praktijk. Retrieved
April 11, 2022, from https://www.stowa.nl/deltafacts/waterveiligheid/
innovatieve-dijkconcepten/meerlaagsveiligheid-de-praktijk
